ROGUE RIVER VALLEY PEARS ON TOP.
A Medford Fruit Grower Breaks the Record on in the New York Market--
What He Says on the Subject of Fruit Growing.

    There can be no question, in the mind of anyone who has carefully posted himself on the subject, as to the unequaled quality of Southern Oregon pears, and in particular pears that are grown in the famous Rogue River Valley. The severest test that fruit can be put to, in the matter of quality and pack, consists in its sale upon the open market and its purchase upon its own merits by a class of buyers and merchants who, for sharp brains and a perfect knowledge of fruit in its every state, are not equaled or at least are not surpassed among fruit men in the United States. Bearing the above in mind, I would call attention to a certain sale of fancy pears made in the eastern market this fall.
    On October 6, 1905, a car of Comice pears from the Rogue River Valley, shipped from Medford, Oregon, was sold at auction in New York City, on the open market, by Messrs. Sgobel & Day, commission merchants, and realized the sum of $3,420.00, being an average of $6.85 per box. The car contained five hundred boxes of fifty pounds each. This is the highest price ever paid in the United States for a car of pears. As each box averaged between 90 and 100 pears to the box, the price per pear was between 7 and 8 cents.
    Compared with prices paid in the East and other sections for pears, these figures may seem beyond belief, yet hundreds of cars of pears from the Rogue River Valley have been sold on the open market at prices which approximate the above.
    The question immediately springs up--Why this vast difference in prices? Why does Rogue River Valley fruit bring such figures, and why do merchants and dealers pay more for it than for fruit from any known district in the United States?
    It is to be assumed that these merchants and dealers are not in the habit of paying out large sums of money merely for a label or for a name. It is a business with them, and they are willing to pay fancy prices only for strictly fancy fruit. It makes no difference with these buyers where the fruit is shipped from or what the label is on the box, as it is quality of the fruit that they are after and that they are willing to pay their money for. That is exactly what is produced in the Rogue River Valley, in the state of Oregon--quality, and this one word answers the above questions, namely, quality.
    The next question that naturally arises is, why such fruit apparently can be grown alone in the Rogue River Valley. This is a more difficult question to answer, but basing our belief on the natural law of cause and effect, we think that it is not beyond solution.
    By taking a birdseye view of the Rogue River Valley you will find that it is located in the extreme southern and western portion of Oregon, between two parallel ranges of the Coast Range of mountains, having a length north and south of about twenty-five miles and a varying width east and west of from six to ten miles. It is estimated to contain over a half million acres of land that could be profitably put into orchard. Its southern terminal is within a few miles of the state of California.
    To the south is California, with its sunny skies and long, dry, hot summer, while in the opposite direction is the "webfoot" Northern Oregon and Washington climate, consisting of a rainy season from seven to nine months duration. We are thus midway between the two opposites, the dry and the wet, and from each we draw the best. California gives us from four to six months of hot, dry and sunny period so necessary to the production of fancy fruit, and the moisture that California lacks is furnished us by the north. Ordinarily we have heavy and copious rains during the winter season, which often lasts as long as May or even June. It then clears up, with no more moisture or rain until the last of October or November. This year our rains did not start until the last of November. The rainy season is our winter. By rainy season is not meant a steady downpour of rain or a steady drizzle during the entire period. To be sure it rains, and hard at times--the ground becomes thoroughly saturated--but during the rainy season we always have days, weeks and even a month at a time of the most delightful bright, clear, mild weather. The temperature during the winter season ranges from 30 to 70 degrees--never approaches zero, and as to snow, it is not here. Sometimes we have a slight flurry of snow, but it is always gone by noon. Ice we sometimes find early in the morning--perhaps to the extent of a quarter of an inch, but no more.
    Surely Providence has been very gracious in giving us a perfect climate--a mild, short winter, and a delightful summer. We have none of those humid dog days in midsummer which make the eastern part of our country almost unendurable at times. Think of sleeping under a blanket in July, August and September.
    Our altitude ranges from 1,300 to 2,000 feet above sea level. Anyone familiar with the raising of fancy fruit will appreciate the value of altitude--the right altitude--and that mountain or hillside fruit is considered the very choicest.
    As to soil, we also claim a great advantage. Nature has provided us with a rich, black doby soil, known locally as "sticky." It has been shown by analysis to be exceedingly rich in iron, potash, limo, nitrogen and other elements necessary to fruit raising--fancy fruit. In fact, by results and by analysis it has proven the richest soil known.
    Imagine a soil that without a drop of rain from May until October, with the mercury ranging from 90 to 100 degrees in the daytime, followed by cool evenings and nights, can retain enough moisture to raise premium corn--and [not] "nubbins." That is what is done right along in Rogue River Valley.
    To return to the original question under discussion, I answer the same by stating that Rogue River Valley produces pears which best the world, because of its geographical location, its correct altitude, its perfect climate, its peculiar soil and finally, yet of the utmost importance, its ambitious and progressive orchardists. Nowhere are they excelled, nor are orchards so well taken care of and so up-to-date in every minute detail. Here you will find cultivation, pruning, spraying and packing demonstrated in its most perfect and scientific form. Are we not borne out in this claim by results? "The test of the pudding is chewing the string," which also applies to pears.
    With us a wormy pear is a cull which has no commercial value. The same is true of any imperfection, either of shape, size or coloring. Cultivation, pruning and thinning the fruit produces size and color; spraying prevents disease and wormy fruit; fancy packing pleases the eye and makes a complete whole that commands the buyer. Were we not so particular in every detail, would we be holding the honors today? Judging by the price that our pears command on the market?
    Just a word about the apple production of Rogue River Valley before entering more into the detail of pear culture in this district.
    Think of seven and a half acres in Yellow Newtown Pippins that gross every year from $7,000 to $9,000 to the owner, with buyers flocking to him for the fruit. This has been the record of Mr. A. D. Helms, who has an orchard about fifteen miles south of Medford, and is a record that has repeated itself yearly for the last five years, with no off season and consequent short crops. This year his gross receipts are about $8,000. There are many apple orchards in Rogue River Valley that can tell the same story.
    Here are a few facts in general concerning apple production which I think you will find in the main correct. The two varieties of apples universally conceded to be the most difficult of production and hence the highest priced are the Newtown Pippin. Certain climatic and soil conditions are required in order to grow these apples to perfection and hence to profit. Only in a very few sections in the United States are these conditions to be found, and yet, they exist in Rogue River Valley. Due to natural blessings that we enjoy, it is a well-known fact that both pears and apples grown in this valley are unexcelled as to flavor and keeping qualities.
    To return to the pear question, you will find upon close examination that fancy boxed pears which command the highest prices on the market are grown in three sections: Rogue River Valley, California and Idaho; and as already stated, Rogue River Valley produces the fanciest of all. The main varieties grown in this valley are Doyenne du Comice, Beurre Bosc, Beurre d'Anjou, Winter Nelis, Howell and Bartlett.
    There is no fruit known that is as delicate and as exacting in the requirements of soil and climate, but more especially the latter, as the pear. Unless all conditions are perfectly adapted, the raising of pears cannot be a successful venture, for which reason the greatest of care should be used in planting a pear orchard, to know to a certainty that these conditions exist, otherwise a disappointment is probably in store for you.
    The worst enemy to be found in the production of pears is the pear blight, which in the last few years has been wiping out many of the choicest pear districts in the United States. It is estimated that forty percent of the pear trees in the state of California have been killed in the last three years by this dread orchard pest. The result, although to be greatly deplored, is very apparent, as California has heretofore furnished at least ninety percent of all the fancy boxed pears produced in this country. The California pear production is growing less and less each rear, with a corresponding advance in the prices of fancy pears. If the present fatality of the pear blight continues, there will surely be a pear famine in the not distant future.
    There is no known remedy for this disease. California for years has had salaried experts at work endeavoring to remedy the trouble. The United States government, at all of the experimental stations, has been endeavoring to solve the question, but without success, other than the use of the knife and the ax. Finally, California in the extremity of her loss, amounting to millions of dollars, appealed to the government at Washington, and there was sent from Washington to California one of the most brilliant minds in the horticultural world, who went to California and joined forces with their local experts to overcome this pest.
    After much time, effort and study, one conclusion was arrived at among others, which was to the effect that blight is most deadly and fatal to irrigated trees or districts having summer or early fall rains. The reason in obvious. Where moisture is put under the trees in summer or early fall, either in the form of natural rainfall or irrigation, the trees experience a renewed flow of sap from the roots not only to the fruit but to the foliage, and results in a late growth of tender shoots and sprouts. These shoots and sprouts, being forced out late in the season by rains or irrigation, are not properly matured and developed into hard and seasoned wood, as is the case with the spring and early summer shoots, which are fully matured by a long hot, summer and dry fall. The later crop of shoots caused by irrigation or summer and early fall rains have an opportunity to become seasoned and are obliged to winter and pass over to spring as soft and undeveloped fiber. It is this fiber wherein the blight germs attack trees and do their most deadly work. The Rogue River Valley has demonstrated itself to be immune from the pear blight. We have a long, hot, rainless summer and late, dry fall, with the result that there are no late crops of shoots or sprouts and those that grew in the spring are thoroughly seasoned and matured, ready for the winter and the following spring.
    The blight is on every side of us. Idaho pear orchards have been fatally injured. It is to the north of us, in Northern Oregon and the state of Washington, and yet we do not suffer from it. For years back it has appeared in this valley, time and time again, but has never done any material damage. That the genuine blight has been here there can be no disputing, and that conditions here do not favor its fatal work is a fact that can be easily established. We have late spring rains that soak up the ground thoroughly, the rich "doby" retains this moisture for months, the fruit develops and sizes up early and we have a dry, clear, rainless summer and fall, so that all of the shoots and sprouts of the spring growth are fully matured and hardened by the time winter sets in.
    As to the care of our orchards, each step of this work is a subject by itself, which, if treated in detail, would take up more space than I am allowed in this article. Briefly, we plow our orchards every spring as early as the ground will permit, follow it up with the cultivator with two operations, using the wide shovels in the second round to cut out all of the weeds, and then the harrow is used, working both ways during the entire summer at intervals of from seven to ten days. This is for the purpose of retaining all the moisture possible.
    As to spraying, after the leaves are off in the fall and before the buds swell up in the spring we use the scale spray of lime, sulfur and either copper sulphate or copperas, according to whether we are putting it on apple or pear trees. This spray is applied once every year. We also use the regular Bordeaux mixture, where occasion requires. During the summer months we spray regularly for the codling moth. Some use Paris green with lime and others use Swift's arsenate of lead. The latter, I understand, is now being very extensively used in Colorado, California and Idaho. It was used in our orchard this year with most gratifying results. We estimate that we had less than one percent of wormy apples, and in our pears we had practically no worms--as a matter of fact, in 1,500 boxes of pears we culled less than one box of wormy fruit. All spraying is done with a power machine, maintaining a pressure from 120 to 150 pounds.
    The picking of fruit is determined by many conditions; the coloring of the skin, the condition of the meat and the resistance offered in separating the fruit stem from the branch or twig--all figure in forming an estimate as to the proper time for picking. We have found the California canvas picking bag very satisfactory for this work.
    As to pruning, this depends entirely upon the conditions, and what is to be accomplished. I believe that the cutting of trees is the most difficult question that we have to take care of, and it is a question that one never completely masters. Personally I have found the experience with the saw and shears in the trees is the best way to get a practical knowledge of this work.
    As to thinning the fruit in the spring, this is very necessary to produce large, fancy fruit and to guard against the trees pulling themselves out of shape and the limbs breaking from being overloaded.
    Packing the fruit comes last, but if it is properly treated is a very long story. It is a very important element in the marketing of pears. Briefly, we use what is called half boxes, made from clear lumber and holding twenty-five pounds of fruit; we also use lace paper liners and borders and an engraved paper top mat, placed under the lace liners and on top of the fruit. Each pear is carefully wrapped in paper and daintily packed in rows in the box, the pears being selected by size to fill out the rows and make the package firm and tight. On the outside end of the box there is pasted a paper label, which is lithographed and in colors, designating the brand and the orchard where the fruit is grown and packed.
    The main cause of success in the raising of fancy fruit is care and attention to every detail of the orchard; of the trees and their treatment; of the fruit, in its different stages of maturity, and of the packing of the fruit after it is taken from the trees. With the many natural advantages that we enjoy in Rogue River Valley anyone of ordinary intelligence, giving personal attention to all these details and giving the orchard and fruit the same attention and thought that is required in the commercial world in any line of business, cannot fail to make a financial success of an orchard investment. If the facts were published as exist here today and it were known throughout the country what returns per acre can be made, not only people but capital would here flock to the extent that every available foot in this valley would be planted to pear and apple trees, with the result of making Rogue River Valley the fruit center of the United States in the production of the fanciest grades of pears and apples..

J. W. PERKINS,
    Medford, Ore.

Medford Mail, March 9, 1906, page 4

Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco, December 1, 1906, page 340


    Rogue River Valley, Oregon, as a pear country apparently has the world beaten. Recently Medford pears of all varieties have broken records for prices. The records for high sales there this year are: $8.40 a box for Comices, $5.05 a box for Bartletts, $5.60 for D'Anjous, $4.10 for Beurre-Bosc and $3.50 for Howells and Winter Nelis. From sixteen acres of the latter variety Fred H. Hopkins netted $19,000, and even this record is equaled and surpassed by other orchards. G. H. Hover purchased ten acres fifteen months ago, paying the record price of $560 an acre. Since then he has sold two crops of Comice and Beurre-Bosc pears for a total of $9600, or a profit of $4000 above the purchase price.
"Among Fruit Growers of the Pacific Coast," Better Fruit, December 1907, page 19

    The Rogue River pears are famous the world over for the excellent quality of the fruit and the scientific methods in handling them. All varieties do equally well here; in fact, this is the acknowledged home of the pear. There are, however, only about half a dozen varieties grown commercially--the Bartlett, Comice, Anjou, Bosc, Howell and Winter Nelis. Each of these varieties have their good qualities, and it is often a disputed question among growers as to which variety brings the best returns. While the writer has handled hundreds of cars of each of these varieties, he is not prepared to say just which variety has made the best record. All have made big money for the grower. We have seen the Comice sell in the markets for five dollars per half box. Again, we have seen the Anjou do equally as well. The Bartlett has made its record of four or five dollars per box, and when we take into consideration the wonderful productiveness of this pear we are constrained to say that they stand at the head of the class.
    While we believe that nowhere in the world do pears grow to such perfection as they do in the Rogue River Valley, yet we realize that the high prices and the splendid reputation our pears has attained is due to a certain extent to the scientific methods employed in growing, picking and packing the fruit.
    The commercial pear orchard receives the very best care possible from the time the young trees are planted until they are producing their golden fruit, which is usually from five to six years. Anyone seeking a position as foreman on one of our pear orchards must, before he is allowed to take charge, convince the owner that he is experienced in orchard work. The trees are too valuable to permit of taking any chances, or making mistakes in pruning or caring for them in anything but a scientific manner.
    The orchardist who grows pears has a decided advantage over the one who grows apples, the young pear trees being much easier cared for from the time they are planted. Insect pests do not attack them as much as they do apple trees. In fact, pear trees are very little trouble or expense to grow; they simply want pruning and reasonable cultivation. Anyone may grow a first-class pear orchard in the Rogue River Valley with what information he may get by attending our horticultural meetings and hearing the methods explained by scientific orchardists and by specialists stationed here to assist the growers.
    Pears never require over two sprayings to keep out the worms. San Jose scale is much easier kept out of pear orchards than the apple orchard. Many people think that because the pear is a very delicate fruit that they are difficult to handle, but we wish to say that after ten years' experience in handling all varieties of fruit we much prefer handling pears to apples. Grading is easier. There are not nearly as large a percent of seconds or culls as there are in any apple crop, and where the grower is prepared to handle fruit in the proper manner, as they are in the Rogue River Valley, pears are handled with scarcely any loss from injury in handling.
    All fruit must be handled carefully, and the grower that does not exercise great care in picking, packing and shipping his fruit can not expect to be successful. Pears must be picked at the proper time. We may say there is no fixed rule to go by, but the orchardists of the valley are experts in this respect. They are able to determine the very day the fruit will do to come off the tree and yet mature into perfect fruit. This is a very important factor in marketing a pear crop. If picked from the tree too green the fruit will be lacking in sugar and will shrivel and decay without ever getting fit to eat. On the other hand, if allowed to stay on the tree too long, the shipping quality of the fruit is materially injured. The grower must have everything in readiness when the fruit is ready to come off, as there is no time to be lost.
    First, he has all his orchard boxes gone over to see that they are in good condition. Then he gets his wagons that are to haul the fruit from the orchard to the packing house, and from the packing house to the car, in shape, providing each with a set of springs and cover to keep out the hot sun and dust. He then procures enough pickers and packers to pick at least one car of pears every day, and if the crop be large he may load two or more each day. We always like to load each day's pack in the iced car the same day it is packed, and get the fruit cooled out as soon as possible, thus stopping the ripening process. We hope in the near future to have a pre-cooling plant established in the valley. This will extend the marketing period of our pears over three or four weeks, which will mean much to the grower. Bartletts are usually ready to pick from the tenth to fifteenth of August, and the grower who has several varieties is able to keep his crew working from the time Bartletts ripen until the first of October, as the different varieties ripen one after the other; Bartletts first, then the Howell, the Anjou, the Bosc, Comice, and last of all the Winter Nelis, which ripen about the same time, or just before, we commence to pick winter apples. Where a grower has a good-sized orchard, it is very desirable to have several varieties, for this reason.
    The methods of packing fruit have changed quite noticeably in the last few years. In former years we used printed boxes, having the grower's name and the district from which the fruit was grown printed on the end of the box. This has been discontinued, for various reasons, and we now use a plain box made from the best pine lumber, and place on the end of the box a nice lithograph label. The grower's name, the variety and number of pears is neatly stamped on the box, thus giving the buyer a chance to know just what the box contains.
    Pears are packed at less expense than apples, for the reason that no lining or layer paper is used. Grading is not as expensive. Pears must be packed in a nice, neat manner to make a good appearance in the market, as nothing looks worse than a ragged, poorly packed box of pears. We use for most all pears eight by ten duplex wrapping paper, except some of the very largest sizes, which require a larger paper. The paper should always be full large for the pear, and serves to a certain extent to form a cushion for the fruit. The folds of the paper should always come underneath the pear, being perfectly smooth on top. Pears should have a larger swell in the box than apples, and should weigh at least fifty-two pounds.
    In order that the box may look neat and have full weight, the swell must be built in the box as it is packed. Packing schools are conducted each year to give the new beginners a chance to learn the work before they are required to commence packing for shipment. The accompanying cut shows a class of twenty-five taking lessons in one of these schools. Several instructors are employed, as it is necessary to show the pupil, it being very hard to tell anyone how to put up a pack so that they will be able to do the work properly. With a good instructor to show them, it is possible for a new beginner to learn so that they may put up a very good pack in a few days if they really try to learn. We find many who never learn, for the reason that they do not take an interest in the work. The accompanying cut shows a very good commercial pack of pears. They are all four-tier, however. We are sorry that we haven't a cut of a five-tier pack, as that is used mostly and is the most desirable size. The cut shows very well the manner of placing the pears in the box, the diagonal pack being always used. Box No. 1 shows the three, two pack, four and five up the box, and contains ninety pears. A person that does not understand packing will think that the box contains ninety-two pears, but the tiers are not all the same. The first tier put in the box was two pears, put in calyx toward the packer and about equal distance from the sides of the box and from each other. In the next row we place three pears, stem toward the packer, in the three spaces on the sides and in the center. Next two, then three, and so on. You will find this tier has only twenty-two pears in it, while the next tier will have twenty-three, so that we have two tiers of twenty-two and two of twenty-three, or ninety pears. Box No. 2 is three-four pack, four-four up the box, and contains twenty-eight to the tier, or 112 pears. Box No. 3 is three-three pack, four-four up the box, and contains ninety-six pears. This box is packed exactly like the largest size five-tier, and should have been packed five-tier. If packed the same way five-tier it would contain 120 pears. The five-tier packs are three-three pack, four-four up the box, 120 pears; three-three pack, four-five up the box, 135 pears; three-three pack, five-five up the box, 150 pears. We seldom pack smaller than the latter size in the five-tier pack. Six-tier are sometimes packed in Winter Nelis, or some of the small varieties, and may pack as many as 200 pears to the box. Some of our fancy pears are packed in the half box, such as the Comice, Anjous and other varieties when they are very large and fine. We believe it pays to put up pears in the half box if the fruit is really fancy. In this pack the work is done almost the same, except we use a fine lace paper to line the sides of the box; a beautiful lithograph top mat is placed over the top of the fruit after the box is packed, the lace lining being folded over so that the center of the mat shows, making a very attractive package. The half box contains from thirty to fifty pears.
Better Fruit, August 1910, pages 21-22


    In the discussion of pears and pear culture in the Northwest, E. E. Whistler of Medford, Oregon, stated that they had found Bartlett, Anjou and Beurre Bosc most reliable and most profitable. They have experimented with the Comice, had sold a car of it for the highest prices ever paid for pears in New York, but the variety proves so difficult to grow, so delicate and tender, that they wish now to forget it and not to plant this variety. To guard against blight requires watchful care, and the removal of the blighted portion of each tree as soon as blight appears; this, by removing source of infection, lessens the probability of blight. The character of cultivation has something to do with the production of blight. Blight is more likely to occur when trees are growing rapidly and rankly, the softer tissues admitting of the reception of blight spores. Therefore such method of cultivation, or lack of cultivation, as will give a comparatively slow growth and well-ripened wood lessens the probability of blight. In large commercial pear orchards it is customary to employ a man during the blighting months--June and July--to watch the orchard carefully, cutting out the blight as it appears. In smaller orchards watchful care on the part of the men who are doing the cultivating has proved sufficient to keep the blight in check.
E. F. Stephens, "Idaho State Horticultural Meeting," Better Fruit, March 1912, pages 89-90


    The pear is rapidly becoming the leading fruit in the Rogue River Valley. It is true that more apples than pears have been shipped out of the valley during past years, and more will undoubtedly be shipped out during the present season; nevertheless the output of pears during the past two or three years has almost equaled that of apples, and it is only a matter of a few years when the output of pears will be greater than that of apples. During the past three years the planting of pear trees has exceeded that of apples, and during the season just passed at least three times as many pear trees as apple trees were planted. Where old apple orchards are being replaced the pear in nearly every instance is supplanting them.
    There are excellent reasons for this. First, our growers have found pear growing more profitable than apple growing, due to the small output of pears throughout the United States as compared with the output of apples. Statistics show that the pear industry in nearly every state in the Union, with the exception of Oregon, has been on the decline. Many of the extensive orchards in the East and nearly all of those in the South have been wiped out by pear blight. And in two of the leading pear states the pear thrips has become a very serious menace to the industry. Perhaps the most important reason, however, for the growth of the industry in this valley is the fact that the natural conditions are very favorable to this fruit. The winters are very mild and damp so that the fruit buds of the most tender varieties are never injured by winter cold. The summers are long, warm, sunny and comparatively dry. This gives ample time for all the late varieties to mature properly, and it also ensures a very firm fruit which has remarkable keeping and shipping qualities, enabling growers to ship their fruit to the large Eastern and European markets. Under these climatic conditions some of the serious fungus troubles have never become serious, as will be explained later in this article.
    The valley is surrounded on all sides by high mountain ranges, hence it is remarkably free from high winds. This is of great importance during the late summer and fall months when the fruit is maturing. Some of our finest varieties, as Comice, Howell and d'Anjou, are tender skinned, and during strong winds when the fruit is being rubbed by branches, or even leaves, the delicate skin is bruised and discolored. The absence of strong winds has much to do with the success of these varieties in this locality. During the last stages of ripening the fruit of some varieties is readily shaken from the tree by strong winds, rendering it unfit for distant shipment. This is particularly true of the Clairgeau, the Howell and to some extent of the Bartlett, especially the seedless specimens. With the exception of the Clairgeau, which is grown only to a limited extent, it is very rare indeed that any of the varieties suffer seriously from this cause here.
    The pear blooms early in the spring, and during unfavorable seasons the blossoms are injured or killed by heavy frosts. Such injury can usually be avoided by orchard heating or smudging. It is not difficult to retain the heat and smoke in and over an orchard where there are no strong winds. This is why orchard heating is so extensively and successfully practiced in this valley. The bright, sunny weather which usually prevails, and the absence of strong winds, are very favorable to bees in cross-pollinating the blossoms. Another important characteristic is the long blooming season of the various varieties. This gives ample opportunity for the proper cross-pollination and fertilization of the blossoms. The blooming season lasts about two weeks, and some varieties are often in bloom for three weeks.
    Most of the soils are very heavy, containing a high percentage of clay. It is well known by experienced pear growers that the pear delights in such soils. These soils are very retentive of moisture, ensuring the proper development of the fruit without irrigation when properly tilled. Chemical analysis shows that practically all of them are very rich in potash, lime and magnesium. These elements are of great value in fruit growing. The lime and potash ensure a firm fruit of good keeping quality, and the potash also forms the basis of the various fruit acids which are so essential in the development of high quality. The large quantities of lime in the soil also prevent the souring of the land where proper drainage is lacking. According to the soil survey made by the Bureau of Soils there are forty-three types to be found here. Some of these are admirably suited to pear culture, while others are of little or very doubtful value for this purpose. With such a variety of soils it is not difficult to find types suited for the different varieties. As a rule the heavier soils such as the clays, clay loams and adobes are preferred for pears. The soil should be rather deep and of at least average fertility. It must also be well drained for most of the varieties, especially for the Comice, d'Anjou, Bosc and Howell. The Winter Nelis and Bartlett can endure far more moisture and poorer drainage than any of the other varieties. The Bartlett can be grown on a greater variety of soils than any other variety, but for best results a deep, rich clay loam should be selected. The Winter Nelis must have a moist, strong soil to obtain good size and large crops. The Comice is very particular about soil and is extremely sensitive to unfavorable soil. On the moist rich soils the tree grows too vigorously and is a shy bearer. It does best on a warm, well-drained sandy or silt loam or very light clay loam.
    The distance apart to plant the trees depends on the variety. Upright growers like Comice and Bartlett may be planted as close as 20 by 20 feet. Howell, Bosc, Clairgeau and d'Anjou should have 25 by 25 feet, while Winter Nelis, which is a large and spreading tree, will require 30 by 30 feet. Planting may be done either in late fall or very early spring. Unless the work can be done very early spring planting should be discouraged. On the heavier soils the soil does not become well settled around the roots when planted late in the spring, and unless irrigation is practiced many of the trees will die or make a very poor growth the first season.
    The cultivation of pear orchards is similar to that of apple orchards. It should commence early in the spring and must be thorough. Since very little irrigation is practiced it becomes necessary to maintain a deep dust mulch on the surface. Where the soil is deficient in humus, which is true in most of the orchards, a winter cover crop should be grown to supply this. For this purpose we have found the following excellent: Rye, winter oats, barley and winter vetch. The seed
should be sown about the first of September.
    The question of pruning is a large and important one under the peculiar conditions in the valley. On the heavier soils the trees are usually slow in coming into bearing and heavy pruning augments the trouble; therefore the minimum should be given that will ensure a strong and properly formed framework. Some of the pruning done is altogether too heavy. One thing is essential in pruning pears where pear blight exists, and that is to grow the vase-shaped or open-center tree. This gives a much better opportunity to fight the disease. The central leader should not be permitted in a pear tree, as the loss from blight under such conditions is very great. In pruning the habit of the variety must be taken into consideration. The Comice, which is a strictly upright grower, and the Bosc, which is a straggling grower, should not be pruned alike.
    The valley is fortunate in being free from some of the most serious insects which attack the pear in some other sections. The true pear thrips, which is proving so serious in two other pear states, has never been found in this valley. The pear psylla, which is so serious in the Eastern States, has never been introduced. The most serious insects that we have to contend with are the codling moth, the San Jose scale, the blister mite and the rusty leaf mite. These are all controlled by proper spraying.
    The only very serious disease of the pear here is the pear blight. This is a bacterial disease and is so widespread and generally known that a description is not necessary here. This disease has been vigorously fought in this valley almost from the time of its introduction about seven years ago. A thorough system of inspection has been maintained and rigid regulations have been enforced. The growers have been instructed to recognize the disease and in proper methods of combating it. It should be stated that they are fighting it vigorously and effectively. Fortunately the pear scab, one of the worst fungus diseases of the pear, has never given any serious trouble owing to our dry summer atmosphere.
    Since the pear blooms early and the best pear soils and orchards are found on the floor of the valley, frosts often endanger the pear blossoms. To overcome this, frost fighting has been successfully practiced for a number of years. For this purpose wood, old tree prunings and manure were first burned, but during the last three years crude and distillate oils have been largely used. As the methods and practices have been so fully described in various issues of Better Fruit and experiment station and government bulletins it will not be necessary to go into the details of the practice in this article.
    It is fortunate that the pear industry in this valley was started by a man who was familiar with the best commercial varieties of pears. He not only knew their commercial value but also their soil requirements. As he planted many commercial pear orchards and was for many years the leading spirit in the industry here, the variety selections have as a rule been very good. After many years of pear growing it is doubtful whether better selections of varieties could be made today in most instances. It is also fortunate that the commercial plantings have been largely confined to a small number of varieties. At the present time only six varieties are extensively grown. These are Bartlett, Howell, d'Anjou, Bosc, Comice and Winter Nelis. Clairgeau and Beurre Easter are still grown in limited quantities. P. Barry is now being planted in some of the newer orchards. The Bartlett has been more extensively planted than any other variety in the past, and is still popular. As this variety ripens early and as it often competes on the market with the latest shipments of Bartletts from California, many of our growers are top grafting their Bartlett trees to some of the later varieties.
    More mistakes have probably been made by growers in planting the Comice than with any other variety. For years this variety has been regarded as the standard of excellence for quality and has always brought the highest prices. Hence the variety has been widely planted, and often on moist, rich, cold soils, where it has proved a shy bearer. This variety is extremely sensitive to unsuitable soils and very limited in its range of adaptability. It will therefore always be produced in limited quantities; and the grower who has suitable soil and can grow it successfully is very fortunate indeed. This variety is notably self-sterile. During the past five years the Bosc has become very popular and is now being very extensively planted. It comes into bearing rather young, is a heavy and regular bearer, the tree is adapted to several types of soil, and the fruit is of excellent quality. The variety grows to perfection here and becomes exceptionally large. In fact the only criticism the market has made of the variety as grown here is its large size, especially when grown on very rich, moist soils. The d'Anjou has always been a very popular variety here, and it is very highly regarded by the commission men and the consumer. It attains good size, is of excellent quality and a good shipper. The tree is slow in coming into bearing and on some soils has proved a shy bearer.
    The Howell is well suited to the conditions here. It comes into bearing young, is a heavy and regular bearer and is adapted to a variety of soils. It is rapidly decreasing in popular esteem, however, because of its susceptibility to blight and the difficulty with which this disease is controlled in this variety. The Winter Nelis has always been the most popular very late variety. There will probably never be an overproduction of this variety, as it is very particular in its soil requirements and is very tardy in coming into bearing. It is also very sensitive to weather conditions during the blooming season and often fails to pollinate properly.
    It is a notable fact that nearly all of our leading varieties have originated in Europe. Bartlett comes from England, Bosc and Winter Nelis from Belgium and Comice, Clairgeau and d'Anjou from France. The Howell is the only American variety that has been largely grown here. The P. Barry and Seckel, two other American varieties, have not been extensively grown here up to the present time. It is readily seen from the above that there is much room for improvement in the matter of varieties. Every variety mentioned has some objectionable features about it. We believe that varieties more suitable for certain reasons may possibly be obtained. Of all the cultivated varieties in existence not more than fifty have ever been grown in this valley and not more than fifteen have ever been extensively and thoroughly tested. This experiment station is now testing several hundred varieties of pears from all parts of the world to determine their suitability to the local conditions.
Better Fruit, September 1913, pages 11-12


    That Professor O'Gara has a clear eye when it comes to fruit crop prognostications is shown by recent data concerning the pear crop of 1912. Professor O'Gara's first estimate of the pear crop was 120 cars, but as weather conditions improved this estimate was raised by between 50 and 100 cars.
    Figures compiled show that 224 cars of pears have been shipped from the valley to date, and with the later varieties it is estimated that the year's shipment will total at least 250 cars.
    This is over twice the crop in 1911, when 116 cars were shipped. The apple crop will be a record-breaker. Professor O'Gara estimates the year's shipment will total approximately 600 cars. The original estimate was between 450 and 500 cars of apples.
    The pear market is booming at present, and ranchers who have held their shipments will reap liberal rewards. One car of Bartletts sold yesterday in New York at an average of $3.30 a box, and a car of D'Anjou from the Daggett orchard averaged from $2 to $2.30 per box. A car of Bosc from the Bruce Wilson orchard brought from $2 to 2.55 per box, the car grossing at $1857.
    Apple prices are still uncertain, but the prices will be at least equal to the average, which, with the bumper crop in the valley, means prosperity for the growers. Apple picking has begun in some of the orchards and in another week will be in full swing.--Sun.
Jacksonville Post, October 5, 1912, page 1


    (The study of the Bartlett pear product of Southern Oregon by the experts named above, as a part of the Fruit Transportation and Storage Investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, is of even more direct value in this state than it is to our northern sister. If Oregon can hold back pears to avoid the California rush, California can do the same to lengthen her Bartlett season and get more even distribution in it. Sauce for the Oregon goose is also a condiment for the California gander. Draw up and help yourselves, California pear growers.--EDITOR.)
    Introduction.--There are now approximately 50,000 acres of pear trees in the Rogue River Valley of Oregon, and planting is still in progress. By far the major portion of the acreage consists of Bartletts. At present only a small percentage of the trees are in bearing. When the new plantings come into full bearing the production of pears in the valley will assume large proportions, and the problems of successfully marketing the large crop therefore become of pressing importance. The general experience thus far has been that Bartlett pears shipped during the first half of the season do not bring as much in the eastern markets as later shipments. This is due to the fact that they usually arrive in the markets of the East at a time when California pears of excellent quality are very plentiful. As soon as the bulk of the California crop is out of the way the demand for Rogue River Valley Bartletts increases, and the prices received are considerably higher. The extension of the season during which Bartletts can be marketed in good, sound condition is therefore of the greatest importance to the industry of the Rogue River Valley, and wherever these pears are grown in the Pacific Northwest.
    Precooling and Storage Experiments.--With a view of determining whether the usual Bartlett pear season of the Northwest could be extended or lengthened sufficiently to enable the bulk of the crop to reach eastern markets after the California season closes, investigations were begun in the Rogue River Valley during the season of 1912. These investigations, undertaken at the urgent request of growers and shippers, included a study of the practicability of extending or lengthening the marketing season by precooling and storage at the producing end. The work also included a study of the relation to decay in storage and in transit of the maturity of the fruit at the time of picking, immediate and delayed cooling arid storage, and methods of handling in the orchards and packing houses. Up to last season little had been done, at least in a systematic way, with the precooling and storage of Bartlett pears in the valley. Usually the fruit is shipped out as soon as possible after picking and packing, although it is often delayed two to four days and sometimes longer, either loose or packed, in the packing houses before it is loaded into refrigerator cars. After arrival in the Eastern markets, fruit handled in this way must be sold immediately or else placed in cold storage. Most of the attempts to store Bartletts in the East after shipment across the continent have not been very successful or encouraging. Too much time elapses between picking and storing, and the fruit is often exposed to high and variable temperatures while in transit.
    Description of the Experiments.--Pickings were made from three different orchards in sections representing three different types of soil. Four pickings were made from each orchard at intervals of a week, the first just before the regular commercial pickings were started and the last fully a week after the usual Bartlett season had come to an end. Thirty-two boxes of fruit were picked at each picking from each orchard, making 384 boxes in all.
    In order to test the effect of precooling before and after packing, half of each pick (16 boxes) was packed as soon as possible after picking and the other half was held loose in the "lug" or picking boxes. Half of each packed and loose lot was placed in the cooling room immediately after picking or packing, while the other half was held for two days before cooling. In the discussion which follows the former are referred to as "immediately cooled" and the latter as "delayed."
    The precooling and storage tests were made in three rooms rented from the Medford Ice and Storage Co., one room being used for precooling, one for packing, and the other for storage.
    The fruit was picked by regular pickers under the supervision of representatives of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Some of the fruit was packed by regular packers, but most of this work was done by the Bureau men. When the pears were placed in the precooling room the temperature of the room was usually about 20° F., but it increased slightly after the warm fruit was put in. Actual fruit temperatures were taken before placing the pears in the precooling room and during the cooling by means of thermometers inserted into fruits, both near the center and toward the outside of the package. When the temperature of the outer fruit in the packed boxes and the loose fruit in the lug boxes approached 32° the room temperature was allowed to rise 30° or 32° to avoid freezing, and was held there until the inner fruit was reduced to 34° or lower. No forced air circulation was used. The loose fruit in the lug boxes cooled to the desired temperature in less than half the time required for wrapped packed fruit. The cooling was also decidedly more uniform. In the packed boxes it often required three times as long to cool the fruit in the center of the box as was needed for the outer fruit in the same box. This necessitated the maintenance of a room temperature not lower than 30° or 32° after the outer fruit was cooled. The rate of cooling was necessarily slower under these conditions.
    Four withdrawals from each lot were made--after one, two, three, and four weeks, respectively. After withdrawal, the various lots were placed in an iced refrigerator car held at Medford, as it was impracticable to make any shipping tests during the season. Each lot was held in the refrigerator car for 12 days, this being about the average time required for carload lots to reach New York. As precooled and cold-stored fruit is cool when placed in the refrigerator car for shipment unless allowed to warm materially during the transfer to the car, holding small lots in a stationary iced car should approximate transit conditions in everything except jolting and the possible influence of fluctuating outdoor temperatures while en route. When cold fruit is placed in refrigerator cars, whether in carload lots for shipment or in small lots for holding tests, the ice has only to supply sufficient refrigeration to hold the fruit at a low temperature; when warm fruit is placed in the car the ice must supply refrigeration both to reduce the initial temperature of the fruit and to keep it cool. After withdrawal from the car the experimental lots were placed in an ordinary warehouse held under approximately open-market conditions. Inspections were made at the time of withdrawal from the car and at the end of market-holding periods of five and eight days.
    The total deterioration, as recorded by actual inspection of every fruit in each box, included (1) wilt or shriveling, (2) brown stain or scald, (3) fungous decay, (4) partial physiological decay, and (5) complete physiological decay.
    Wilting or shriveling always started at the stem end, and all wilting or shriveling sufficiently noticeable to be taken into account on the market was recorded. Brown stain or scald is a term used to designate a general browning of the skin, at first only a discoloration, but gradually extending into the fruit and causing browning and softening throughout. When recorded in the inspections the discoloration was only on the surface of the skin, and fruits so affected soon softened and were worthless 24 hours after inspection. Fungous decay includes all decay due to attacks of various fungi, most of which undoubtedly gained entrance through some bruising or abrasion of the skin. Partial physiological decay is a term used to designate a darkening or browning at the core of the pear and could be determined only by breaking or cutting each individual fruit. All fruits recorded as showing this trouble were usually firm and of good eating quality. Complete physiological decay includes all fruits which were completely discolored, soft, and worthless.
    At the first inspection, made when the fruit was withdrawn from the refrigerator car, all lots were practicably as green as when they were placed in storage and showed no deterioration of any kind.
    At the time of the second inspection, made on the sixth day after withdrawal from the car, some of the lots were even then so green that they were hardly in good eating condition, but nearly all were in prime fruit-stand condition. The third inspection was made on the ninth day after withdrawal from the car.
    Deductions.--Analysis of the data from the second inspection shows that most of the deterioration, especially shriveling, fungous decay, partial physiological decay, and brown stain, occurred in the first pick. The second inspection of the immediately cooled lots of the fourth withdrawal from the third and fourth pick in no case showed even 1 percent of any of the troubles described after the fruit had been held five days under market conditions. The delayed lots showed very little more. The third inspection of the fourth withdrawal, immediately cooled, third and fourth picks, showed the fruit to be practically sound, with the exception of 5.9 percent and 18.3 percent of partial physiological decay in the third and fourth picks, respectively. In the third withdrawal, second inspection of the first pick, there was 7.2 percent of shriveling in the immediately cooled and 22.7 percent in the delayed lots; while at the same inspection the immediately cooled fourth pick showed 0.2 percent and the delayed 0 percent, respectively. Practically all of the brown stain recorded (sometimes as much as 18 percent) occurred in the first pick, with only a trace in the second and none at all in the third and fourth. The highest percentages of fungous decay (9.7 percent in the immediately cooled and 15.2 percent in the delayed, third inspection, third withdrawal) occurred in the first pick. Some was found in the second, but there was practically none in the third and fourth. The highest percentages of complete physiological decay found in each of the delayed lots of the third and fourth withdrawals, third inspection of the fourth pick, were 11.2 percent and 12.8 percent.
    Temperature conditions during the time of holding in the warehouse apparently affected the percentage of partial physiological decay found in the second and third inspections of all lots. In the third withdrawal from the third pick, immediately cooled, third inspection, there was 70.6 percent of partial physiological decay and but 5.9 percent in the third inspection, immediately cooled, fourth withdrawa1 of the same pick. In the third inspection of the immediately cooled lots, third and fourth withdrawals of the first pick, there was 79.2 and 91.7 percent of partial physiological decay, respectively. The pears showing partial physiological decay were in fairly good condition for immediate consumption, being of good eating quality, but they deteriorated rapidly. Undoubtedly the great difference in partial physiological decay between the third and fourth withdrawals, third pick, third inspection, is due to the rather variable temperatures, which occurred at the time these were held in the warehouse. No definite conclusions can be drawn from the inspections as regards cooling before and after packing. In general, the fruit cooled before packing appeared to be in slightly better condition, but not enough to warrant the expense such an operation would entail. Where fruit is cooled before packing, it can be cooled more quickly and uniformly.
    The delayed cooled and stored lots showed considerably more wilting and shriveling and on an average more fungous decay and more complete physiological decay than the lots immediately cooled and stored. The delay of two days required for this work is no more than the average given Bartlett pears under commercial handling conditions.
    Results of the Experiments.--While it is realized that the work here reported must be considered as only preliminary, indicating the scope which future investigations should follow, the results were striking and consistent throughout and sufficient data are at hand to warrant a full commercial test and demonstration of this method of marketing Bartlett pears in the Pacific Northwest. Further study is necessary in order to determine the factors of seasonal influence, which must be taken into consideration before all phases of the problem are solved.
    The results indicate that the marketing season of Bartlett pears can be lengthened or extended six or seven weeks, provided some changes are made in the method of handling the crop.
    The pickings as a rule should be made fully two weeks later than is the ordinary practice. At this time the fruit will be of larger size, of better quality and in every way will hold up better in storage and in transit. There will be some dropping where the fruit is held on the trees two weeks longer, but this will be largely offset by the increase in size and the improvement in keeping quality. It is also of the greatest importance that the fruit be placed in storage or in an iced refrigerator car as soon as possible after picking, as a delay in cooling of even two days caused much more deterioration than occurred in fruit stored immediately, whether packed before or after cooling.
    The results also indicate that the practice of picking the trees clean at one picking, especially early in the season, is not conducive to the best keeping quality and uniformity. Where only one picking is made, and that early, much of the fruit is picked while it is still immature, and this fruit will show a great deal of wilting, shriveling, brown stain or scald, and physiological decay, thereby detracting from the appearance of the pack and lessening the returns from the fruit which was of proper maturity when picked. The pickings can be extended over a longer time than is generally believed to be the case, and this is especially true where two, or possibly three, pickings are made during the season.
    The results further indicate that when picked at the proper time and when carefully handled and promptly precooled, Bartlett pears stored for four weeks at the shipping point and afterwards loaded into pre-iced refrigerator cars and shipped to Eastern markets will arrive in sound, marketable condition and remain sound for a sufficient time to allow reshipment and consequent wide distribution to ultimate consumers. The season can be extended from six to seven weeks by leaving the fruit on the trees two weeks longer than is at present the practice and by storing for four or five weeks at a temperature of 32° or 34° F. after the fruit has been precooled.
Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco, April 12, 1913, pages 444-445


    PORTLAND, Or., Aug. 6--What is the best paying crop in the Pacific Northwest? Some say apples, while other strongly assert that the pear crop is peer of all so far as profits per acre are concerned.
    Reginald H. Parsons, owner of the famous Hillcrest Orchards near Medford, and by the way, directing head of the Northwestern Fruit Exchange of this city, strongly asserts that pears are the thing--or, in fact, the profit. His orchard consists of 160 acres of about as fine fruit as is grown in the country, and he has returns to prove this. His holdings of pears include eighty-five acres, the remaining area being planted to apples and other fruits.
    While the Rogue River country, of which the Hillcrest Orchards is a part, has received the highest awards in the world for the excellence of its Yellow Newtowns and Spitzenbergs, still it is partial to the pear--in fact, its greatest glory as a fruit center has been received by the latter crop. The entire Rogue River country is destined to become one huge pear orchard in the future, and it is already counting its profits.
    Mr. Parsons, owner of the Hillcrest Orchards, returned to Portland today after an inspection of his orchard. "The crop of pears in the Rogue River country will this year show an increase of 25 to 50 percent over a year ago," says Mr. Parsons, "while the increase in the output of apples will be from 20 to 40 percent.
    "There is an increase of probably 30 percent in the bearing area of pears this season and about 10 percent over a year ago," says Mr. Parsons, "and many people are going into the pear raising in the Rogue River country for two reasons--the soil is particularly adapted to its growth and there is a greater profit in it. We plant about seventy-five pear trees to the acre and only about sixty apple trees, because the former does not grow so big. While it is true that the average apple tree will produce more fruit than a pear tree, the greater number of the latter planted to the acre more than makes up for this loss.
    Then the production of pears is much more certain than apples. While the apple tree sometimes produces a bigger crop than does the pear, still the average is far better in the latter. Then again the pear brings more money in the market, is easier gathered and is more free from disease than the apple.
    "Rogue River is today the most famous pear section in the country, and its merits will increase from sear to year. We have had excellent growing weather recently--over two and one-half inches of rain falling during July. The outlook is not only for a good crop of pears, but large sizes and most excellent quality."
Gold Hill News, August 9, 1913, page 1


    The pear is without doubt one of the most favorite fruits, although in its wild state its astringent qualities are so pronounced as to render it unpalatable. Under cultivation it has become an excellent fruit for all purposes, whether for dessert, for canning, for culinary use or in the fresh state. The cultivation of the pear extends to the remotest antiquity. It is mentioned in the oldest Greek writings and was cultivated by the Romans. It was common in Syria, Egypt and Greece, and from the latter country was introduced into Italy. The word "pear" or its equivalent occurs in all Celtic languages, while we also find it in Slavonic and other dialects; and from this it is inferred that cultivation of the pear, from the shores of the Caspian Sea to the Atlantic, was practiced in very ancient times. According to Virgil, Cato, Pliny and other Roman writers, the varieties in cultivation were very numerous, and from the names of important varieties usually referred to the countries from which the trees were imported. Unfortunately, none of the old Roman varieties exist today, but from the writings of Pliny we have every reason to believe that their best varieties of pears were very poor in comparison with the choice varieties under cultivation at the present time.
    The pear of quality really dates from about the seventeenth century. However, it was not until Professor Van Mons of the University of Louvain, Belgium, by his perseverance and indefatigable labors succeeded in producing an immense number of new varieties of pears by selective breeding, that the growing of pears of commercial quality was put upon a sound basis. His whole life was mostly devoted to pear culture, and from among the 80,000 seedlings raised by himself we find the finest cultivated varieties of today--such as Bosc, Diel and others. The work of Van Mons has given the little country of Belgium the title of "The Eden of the Pear Tree." The net results of his work were given to the world a little more than one hundred years ago. Another worker, Thomas Andrew Knight, an Englishman, by hybridizing also produced varieties of noted quality. These two scientists and their followers, working from different points of view, produced fruits that have, by further cultivation, reached the limit of perfection.
    From the standpoint of the botanist, there are some differences in opinion as to the species from which cultivated pears are descendants. There are some who hold that cultivated pears have descended from at least three species, while others who have very carefully studied the subject refer all cultivated pears to one species, the individuals of which have in course of time diverged in various directions so as to form now six races: (1) Celtic, (2) Germanic, (3) Hellenic, (4) Pontic, (5) Indian, (G) Mongolic. From the Germanic race we have what is commonly known as the European pear, Pyrus communis, while from the Mongolic race we have the Oriental pear, Pyrus chinensis. Of course, it is understood that there are many wild varieties which come under the various groups. From the horticulturist's point of view there is a totally different classification, namely, dwarf, standard and Oriental. The dwarf pear consists mainly of European varieties propagated by grafting onto rooted cuttings of the Angiers quince. The Japan Golden Russet is also used for dwarfing, but it is to be generally understood that the dwarf pear means the pear worked on the quince root. Standards consist of the European varieties propagated on the pear root, the stocks for this purpose being European or Japan pear seedlings or rooted cuttings of some of the Oriental pears. The Orientals are those which are partly or wholly of Chinese of Japanese origin. So far as the pure Oriental pear is concerned, there are very few plantings. The important commercial varieties of this group are really hybrids between the Oriental and the European pears and consist of such varieties as Kieffer, La Conte, Garber, Smith and others of minor importance. The reason for this separation into three groups is because the requirements of the varieties coming under each group are usually quite different, demanding distinctive cultural methods. With few exceptions, dwarfs must be considered as belonging to the small gardener or the amateur horticulturist; the Oriental hybrids, so far as the quality of their fruit is concerned, have no place in the commercial pear orchards of the Pacific Coast. Therefore, in considering commercial pear growing in the better sections of the extreme West, we must have in mind the better varieties which have sprung from the European type or group grown as standard trees.
    In looking over the more or less voluminous literature on pear culture, we find it frequently stated that pear trees are more difficult to maintain in a healthy, productive condition than apple trees, and cannot be grown with the same degree of success over so wide an area of country. This statement is only partly true, for while the pear does not enjoy the same degree of success over so wide an area of country as does the apple, nevertheless with proper soil and climatic conditions the pear will much outlive the apple. There are natural pear sections or districts, just as there are apple districts, and given the suitable varieties for such districts the pear will always outlive the apple. At the same time the pear will have produced commercial fruit for a longer period and the net returns will be much greater. In its wild state it is hardier and longer lived than the apple, making a taller and more pyramidal head and becoming much larger in trunk diameter. While apples are known to reach the great age of 200 years, many pear trees are known to be 500 years old. On the Pacific Coast we find pear trees still in bearing in the old Mission orchards of California. These pear trees after nearly two and a quarter centuries are still holding their own, with a few olives and date palms as companions standing as reminders of the old civilization.
    In a short article such as this is it is quite impossible to discuss the important subject of varieties at any length. Considering the Pacific Coast, we find a wide variety of soil types (even in restricted areas), climatic conditions, elevation, etc. The varieties best adapted under the various conditions is a subject for wide discussion. In a few localities, principally throughout California and the Rogue River Valley in Southern Oregon, the matter of varieties best suited to the varying conditions has been well worked out, so that at this time growers are not making the mistakes so common in the past. Besides the matter of soils, climatic conditions, etc., the important matter of the market demands for the various varieties must be well understood. Taking the Rogue River Valley as an example, all plantings now made, or which have been made during the past five or six years, take into consideration all the above factors. In going over my notes I find that over fifty varieties of pears may be found growing in the Rogue River Valley, yet out of this number seven varieties are really commercial. The varieties in the order of their ripening are Bartlett, Clairgeau, Howell, d'Anjou, Bosc, Comice, Nelis. Besides these seven varieties, we have planted considerable acreages of P. Barry and Forelle; however, these latter varieties are not yet in bearing commercially. I do not mean to say that the other varieties grown in the valley are not good; as a matter of fact they are excellent, nevertheless the market demand does not warrant the multiplication of varieties. In the seven commercial varieties mentioned it would be just as well to omit the Clairgeau, which in no way compares with the excellence of the other varieties. The great pear districts of the Pacific Coast, so far as the future of the pear industry is concerned, will be Southern Oregon (Rogue River Valley) and California, principally the great Sacramento Valley and its tributary districts. In this natural pear belt anyone or all of the commercial varieties of pears may be grown; that is to say, hundreds of varieties. But pear growers must not fall into the error of planting too many varieties, as has been the case in commercial apple growing throughout the entire Northwest. Not long ago a horticulturist, waxing enthusiastic over the excellent quality of the pear as grown in this district (Rogue River Valley), said that the pear growers were making a mistake in not growing at least 100 varieties. Viewing the pear situation from the apple standpoint, especially considering market conditions, it would be financial suicide for any district to grow commercially more than six or eight varieties. If there is any doubt in the matter of too many varieties it would be well for the reader to secure a copy of a paper written by Mr. W. F. Gwin, manager Northwest Fruit Exchange, Portland, Oregon, entitled "What Is the Matter With the Apple Business?" In this most excellent paper Mr. Gwin shows clearly the danger of too many varieties.
    It sometimes happens that new or better varieties are needed, but they should be added with the ultimate intention of having them take the place of inferior varieties already growing and not to increase the total number of varieties. This holds true with the individual as well as with the district as a whole. Where orchards are large the number of varieties grown may be the maximum number suited to the district, providing the soils are suitable; however, with the small grower it is best to restrict the plantings to two or three varieties. As a business proposition, it is never advisable to plant less of anyone variety than will produce carload shipments, unless it be for pollination purposes.
    In setting out a pear orchard less regard may be had for the character of the soil than for almost any other kind of fruit. It will generally do well over a tight clay hardpan where almost any other fruit would fail. It will also thrive in clay loams and adobes as well as in calcareous and alkali soils. The pear will flourish whether the water is near or far from the surface, and can endure complete submergence in water for a considerable length of time without being killed. During periods of high water in the lower Sacramento River districts I have seen pear orchards completely under water, which did not fully subside for several months. The regular orchard work, such as spraying, pruning and thinning, was carried on by the use of boats and barges. However, the pear demands a good soil for its best development, and naturally the heavier alluvial, clay loam and other types rich in plant food are the best. The variety which is least exacting is the Bartlett. Anjou, Clairgeau, Howell, Nelis and Bosc thrive on heavy soils, including the heavy adobes. For early bearing such varieties as the Bosc and Comice are best grown upon the clay loam soils. The Comice comes into bearing rather slowly if grown on too heavy soil. While the Nelis produces the best quality of fruit on the lighter clay loam soils it does not attain as good size as the market demands. However, increased size of the fruit might be secured by irrigating during seasons of minimum rainfall.
    The distance for planting standard pear trees will depend somewhat upon the varieties. Due regard must be had for such varieties as the Bosc or Anjou, which have a tendency to grow in a spreading form, as against the Comice and Bartlett, which are naturally upright growers. The maximum distance for spreading varieties should not be over 30 feet, either square or hexagonal system. The minimum distance should not be less than 22 feet, square or hexagonal. The average distance practiced in the Rogue River Valley is 25 feet, both systems. However, the common practice is not to plant solid blocks of anyone variety, for the reason that certain varieties are self-sterile and require the pollen of other varieties to fertilize the blossoms.
    Self-sterility and self-fertility are not constant quantities in the same variety; that is to say, the variety may be self-sterile in one district and self-fertile in another. One cannot tell beforehand just what a variety will do when taken from one district into another where climatic conditions and soils are very different. On the Pacific Coast there is a greater tendency toward self-fertility than in the East, although varieties in the self-sterile group under Eastern conditions and quite self-fertile on the Coast have the quality and form of the fruit improved by crossing. Generally speaking, on the Pacific Coast little or no attention is paid to the Bartlett so far as fertility or sterility is concerned. It regularly sets heavy crops of well-sized fruits with its own pollen. On the other hand, such varieties as Comice and Nelis are completely sterile to their own pollen in the Rogue River Valley, all statements to the contrary notwithstanding. As stated before, the matter of self-sterility and self-fertility should be worked out for the various varieties in each particular district. I have worked this problem out for the Rogue River Valley, and since the data have been published elsewhere I shall not burden the reader with it here.
    While volumes might be written on how to prune the pear, the whole principle of pruning may be stated in a single short sentence--use the open head, no matter what variety. In such varieties as tend to grow very upright, they should be pruned so as to throw them more open, while the reverse should be practiced to a certain extent on straggling or spreading varieties. The tree when set out should be headed back so as to stand 18 to 24 inches high. After the first year's growth, the frame limbs should be selected and headed back to 12 or 14 inches. During the growing season, if the trees are making extreme growth and producing too many shoots it is well to pinch back or trim out those that are in excess of the needs of the tree. If the season has been such that the trees have made little or no growth, the shoots should be headed back to a single bud so as to start a new frame of vigorous shoots. The successive years' pruning should be such as to continue the open head, and by shortening in to not over eighteen inches for each cut, stiffen up the body and framework. The frame or scaffold branches need not be pruned of all the lateral shoots. Those to the inside and some on the outside should be removed, but a few may be left as temporary fruiting branches which, by heading in, will readily develop fruit spurs. Fruit borne on these temporary fruiting branches will hang close to the tree and will not have a tendency to throw the tree out of shape, which so often happens where the first crop is borne somewhat above the scaffold limbs. By means of the temporary fruiting branches trees are brought into early bearing, and at the same time no fruit spurs need be permitted on the body or scaffold limbs. The reason for keeping fruit spurs off from the heavy wood is to prevent dangerous body infections of pear blight. Should infection occur on a temporary fruiting branch it is easily removed before any damage is done to the body of the tree. Pears reach the bearing age, under proper care, earlier than do apples, and once in bearing pruning will not have the tendency to throw them out of bearing as it will in apples. However, severe heading of such varieties as Bosc and Comice is not advised; as a matter of fact after they reach the age of five or six years it is best to withhold all pruning for two or three years, save the thinning out of crossing or interfering limbs.
    The details of cultivation, fertilization and cover cropping need no extended discussion. To grow fruit of quality demands all that good agricultural practice has taught in the production of other crops; in other words, the pear demands scientific agriculture. Unthrifty trees cannot produce luscious fruit; however, it is not good practice to overstimulate the trees for the reason that they are then much more susceptible to serious injury from pear blight should infection occur. It will be easy for the pear grower to judge whether or not his trees are making sufficient new wood. It will also be easy for him to note by the appearance of the foliage the lack of soil fertility.
    Pear growing in the United States is generally on the decrease, the reason for this being pear blight. Many districts that were once known for their heavy pear shipments are now without a single pear tree. In the East we find that southward from the region of the Great Lakes the growing of the better varieties of European pears has been largely abandoned, and to a certain extent we find growing in their stead the two or three Oriental hybrids spoken of elsewhere in this paper. Of course, large quantities of pears are produced in the East, but for the most part they do not compare in quality with the standard varieties grown on the Pacific Coast. This fact is evident from the great difference in price between the Eastern and Western product. While the East and Middle West have suffered much from the ravages of pear blight, many large districts in the West have also had their share of trouble. In some states entire districts have been wiped out, and it is known that in one state only a single pear orchard of about 500 trees remains. The only district on the Pacific Coast which has not only held its own but has actually increased its pear acreage and production is the Rogue River Valley in Southern Oregon. The rate of increase may be shown by the carload shipments made in 1911, 1912 and 1913, which were respectively 125, 250 and 500 cars (1913 crop estimated). Pear blight has been known to be in the district since 1907, so that the growers have had to contend with it for seven seasons. It would seem that some very good work has been done in the control of this disease, as the increased shipments demonstrate. When pear blight came into the Rogue River Valley from the California districts the growers, finding it impossible to get any help from their own state institutions, appealed to the federal government for aid, which was immediately forthcoming. After the United States Department of Agriculture had demonstrated the control of blight the growers, feeling the necessity of continued supervision, established a county pathologist's office, the first of its kind in the United States. This office continues the work first undertaken and carried to success by the Department of Agriculture. The fact that pear growing is on the increase in the Rogue River Valley is due to the efforts of the growers themselves. When they found that there was no possibility of getting help within their own state they immediately set out to help themselves.
    It has been stated frequently that pear blight is a disease of pome fruits on the American continent; however, it is now known that the disease has secured a foothold in Europe. It has been reported from at least three countries in Europe, and while it has not yet shown great virulence we are anxiously awaiting what will likely happen when the disease reaches the fine pear districts of Holland, Belgium and France. Now that the disease is in Europe, and will likely spread to the better pear sections, we should more than ever feel the necessity of guarding our pear interests in the better pear-growing sections of the United States; for pear blight anywhere usually means reduced acreage and reduced crops--therefore higher prices. Undoubtedly the countries of Europe will make every effort to prevent the spread of this disease, but the disease being new to them, and not being fully understood by them so far as control is concerned, will mean that there must be some loss once the disease enters a district.
    Does pear growing pay? Does it pay to control pear blight? Aside from pear blight, the pear tree is troubled less by insect and fungous pests than is its near relative, the apple. Furthermore, blight is no more severe in the more susceptible varieties of pears than it is in many varieties of apples, notably Spitzenberg, Alexander, Transcendent Crab and many others. The question as to whether it pays to control blight may be easily answered by giving the average prices over a six-year period for pears shipped from the Rogue River Valley. The prices given are those obtained through the association as well as by individual growers, and represent f.o.b. averages for the first and second grades. The average prices received during the years 1907 to 1912, inclusive, are as follows: Bartlett, $1.35; Winter Nelis, $1.65; Howell, $1.95; Bosc, $2.30; Comice, $2.45; Anjou, $2.50.
    All apple growers throughout the Northwest know what it costs to raise a box of apples, and, taking everything into consideration, we have found that it costs somewhat less to raise a box of pears.
    The future of pear growing in any district will depend upon the ability of the growers to control pear blight. If they are unwilling to cooperate and carry out the work of eradicating the disease, which is the only method of control, it will be just as well for them to pull out their pear trees and have the agony over. For the district which will control pear blight the disease may be considered a blessing in disguise. Owing to the fact that the pear is very prolific and is otherwise very free from troubles, if there were no such disease as pear blight pears could be produced in such enormous quantities that there would be no profit in growing them. But blight will continue to keep the production limited, and there will always be a handsome profit in pears.
Better Fruit, October 1913, pages 10-13


    The Rogue River Valley in Southern Oregon is making excellent progress in apple and pear production, according to T. E. Scantlin, a prominent grower of Medford, who called at the office this week. Apples have for a number of years been the most important fruit by a good margin in the Northwest, but pear planting has increased rapidly enough to approximately divide the acreage with apples. Of the 65,000 acres in fruit in the Rogue River Valley, about half are in pears, though the bearing acreage is as yet mostly in apples.
    The Bartlett is the leading variety, as it is in California, though there is a large acreage of the later varieties, especially the Winter Nelis, which has been bringing very high prices. One grower received something over $3400 from an acre of Winter Nelis this year (gross).
    The blight is the main backset to pear production in the valley, but is not serious and can be easily kept in control. The blight appeared some time ago, but was cleaned out in every orchard where the correct methods of control were practiced and only gave special trouble where the proper directions for cutting out were ignored.
    The output of fruit from the Rogue River Valley this season was 1200 cars and over. Prices were good.
    The pears grown are nearly all shipped and follow California pears, so do not come into competition with them. The Oregon Bartlett also makes an excellent canning pear, if the growers do not find it profitable to ship, but the other varieties of pears with one exception are for shipping only.
    A noticeable tendency in the Rogue River Valley is to go into diversified farming, though fruit growing is as popular and profitable as ever. The farmers are growing alfalfa on part of their land and frequently grow corn and other crops in young orchard. A great many hogs are also kept, which make good use of cull apples and other fruit. The apples appear to make a fine quality of meat, and the alfalfa and corn make up any deficiencies in the fruit diet. The most popular breed is probably the Duroc, though Mr. Scantlin raises O.I.C.'s and has excellent success with them.
Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco, January 10, 1914, page 47


    The Rogue River Valley, particularly that part tributary to Medford. Oregon, is famous for the high quality of its fruit, the record-breaking yield of its pear orchards, the highest prices per box ever realized for carload shipments of this superb fruit, and the greatest monetary return per single tree ever realized.
    While all kinds of deciduous fruit is grown, pears are the favorite. Sixty thousand acres of the floor of the valley and the adjacent hillsides are planted to orchards, pears covering about 50 percent of the total.
    The richest soil, a black adobe or heavy clay loam, similar to parts of the Santa Clara Valley, is the prevailing soil type in the floor of the valley, while the hill soils are of a lighter type. The soil survey of the Department of Agriculture lists 46 different soil types, ranging from very good to worthless. Sometimes both extremes are found on the same 40 acres. Generally, the soils do not have the average depth of the better portions of Nevada County, but they contain more potash and lime, important elements of plant food.
    As in Nevada County, much of the fruit is grown without irrigation, but they have learned the important lesson that a non-irrigated district is sadly handicapped in a dry year, and an expensive irrigation system now affords this advantage to about one-third the total acreage. While non-irrigated orchards in moist soil were in perfect condition, such orchards were noticeably lacking in thrift on drier soils.
    Clean cultivation is the usual practice during the growing season, but advantages of winter cover crops are now generally recognized. However, soil erosion is not a serious problem, since the annual rainfall averages but 28 inches.
    The principal problems of the district are pear blight and spring frosts. The frosts that materially reduced California's fruit crop this season were general throughout the Northwest, and the Medford district suffered a heavy reduction in tonnage from this cause. Orchard heating equipment is being installed in many of the bearing orchards and control of this problem is merely a dollars and cents question. That it will pay admits of no argument, since it is not unusual for a mature orchard to make returns of over $500 per acre in a single season.
    The problem of blight control is a momentous one, and the Rogue River Valley is now engaged in a fight with this disease similar to the one that engaged the growers of the Sacramento Valley two years since.
    Nevada County has no conception of what such a fight means, since natural agencies have thus far limited the disease in this part of California to mild and usually isolated cases, but the scientists who have studied blight assert that no district is absolutely safe and warn all orchardists to adopt every possible precautionary measure. They likewise counsel planting fewer Bartletts (since this variety is most susceptible), and recommend the more resistant varieties such as Anjou, Comice and Winter Nelis.
    Anjou appears to be the favorite variety in the Medford district at this time, since it bears young, seldom misses a crop, and always outsells Bartlett. Covering a six-year period Bartlett has brought the Medford orchardist $1.35 per box, against $2.50 for Anjou. Comice brings equally high prices, and a carload of Medford Comice once sold in London for $10.09 per box, but unless soil conditions are just right it is a shy bearer. The champion pear tree of the world is a Medford Anjou, which did not miss a crop in thirty-six years and in its best year produced 47 boxes that sold for $226 in New York City. Large profits have been the rule where orchards are well cared for. Some of the best have shown a net profit of more than $500 per acre per annum for a period of several years, and a production of $1000 per acre in a single season is not uncommon.
    Six miles south of Medford, at Talent, is the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, where Prof. F. C. Reimer is conducting the greatest investigation of blight and blight resistant varieties of pear ever undertaken. He has conclusively proven that the French seedling is absolutely unsafe as a stock upon which to bud or graft the commercial varieties, and that it is a source of danger to all orchards where it forms the root of the trees. His experiments show a wonderful degree of blight resistance in the Japan seedling, and it is conceded to be the most desirable root now procurable. However, he has two wild pears from China that are practically blight-proof and are so desirable as a stock that the Pacific Coast Nurserymen's Association has requested the Department of Agriculture to send him to China to procure the seed in commercial quantities.
    Scientific research has therefore practically solved that part of the blight problem that relates to the roots, trunk, and branches of the tree, since it is now proposed to use the blight-proof pears to form the tree up to where the bearing framework commences, at which point the commercial varieties will be budded.
    It is fitting that this greatest of all recent horticultural discoveries should have been worked out in a district where its application will be of supreme importance to the paramount industry, but American horticulture as a whole will share in the benefits.
The Morning Union, Nevada City, California, July 4, 1916, page 7


    A new bulletin has just been published by the Oregon Agricultural College, "Preliminary Report of Pear Harvesting and Storage Investigations in Rogue River Valley," by Professors C. I. Lewis, J. R. Magness and C. C. Cate. Investigations concerning the harvesting and storage of pears were conducted with several varieties of pears and from eight different orchards, representing different soil types and subject to different soil treatments. The very early picked fruit tends to be astringent and puckery, but that the fruit of the third and fourth pickings is of excellent quality and nearly uniform in flavor and texture.
Better Fruit, August 1918, page 18


    The seriousness of fire blight which threatens the pear industry of Oregon and which has already wiped it out in certain sections of the country and how the Southern Oregon branch experiment station hopes to be of service through the propagation of blight-resistant varieties, was told by Prof. F. C. Reimer, superintendent of the stations during Farmer's Week at the Oregon Agricultural College. Prof. Reimer has just returned from his second trip to China for the purpose of obtaining pears which are blight immune. He brought home between 40 and 50 new varieties, and these will be tested at the station next spring and summer.
    Prof. Reimer told of oriental customs which were not altogether to his liking. "Chinese hotels," he said, "should be called Chinese hovels. Donkeys, goats, pigs, chickens, and all the vermin God ever made are there. There is no bed, no bedding and no stove. It is a real experience to spend a few nights in one of these places.
    "Fifteen to 30 Chinese all sleep in the same room. The Chinese are kicking each other all night long and they snore like a rhinoceros. The noise of the donkeys in another part of the inn is terrific, but when I was given the choice of sleeping next to the Chinese or the donkeys, I chose the donkeys.
    "It is a common experience to find a hog in your room rooting in your baggage. One must carry his own cot, bedding and food. The Chinese inn is beyond description."
    Prof. Reimer returns with what is undoubtedly the most complete collection of oriental pears in the world. He has also found several species which are practically immune from blight, and by using this type for the root and branch structure, and grafting with the more edible Bartlett, Bosc, or Anjou, it is believed that a pear will be evolved which will not be affected by blight. Professor Reimer is also interested in creating a new species of pear tree entirely by a process of cross fertilization, using the Chinese and American varieties, which would produce a commercial pear, suitable for the table and free from blight infection.
    Prof. Reimer's experiments and discoveries are of far-reaching importance, pear growers in all parts of the country being intensely interested in them. In the near future Prof. Reimer will give a lecture on his experiences in China and the result of his research work to date.
Better Fruit, February 1920, page 41


    Mention is made of the fact that for the first time in the history of the fruit business in Oregon solid trainloads of pears were shipped this year from the Southern and Western Oregon districts.
"Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There," Better Fruit, September 1920, page 22


    The pear crop of the Medford, Ore., district is equal to that of last year, but the apple shipments to date are but one-half as large as those of 1919.
    Jackson County, Oregon, leads the state in pear acreage, having 8050 [acres of] growing trees. It is also second in apples, with 5694 acres.
Imperial Valley Press, El Centro, California, December 6, 1920, page 4


    According to estimates of the bureau of crop estimates, Oregon shows indications of having a larger pear crop this year than last. Pear yields in most of the other states are below normal and a good price for the crop generally throughout the country is expected. In some of the Eastern states the estimated yield has been placed as low as 17 percent of normal. The apple crop in the Rogue River district promises a 25 percent increase, the bureau reports, while some of the Willamette Valley orchards are expected to produce nearly double the crop of apples they did a year ago. Other orchards in the latter region, however, which are affected with fungus will produce less.
"Marketing News of Live Interest," Better Fruit, August 1921, page 26


    Mayhap or perchance, as the poets say, this Christmastide finds you the donor or donee of a beautiful assemblage of those delicious morsels known as glace fruits. If so, the selection is almost certain to include candied specimens of the smallest and sweetest representative of the whole pear family--the Seckel, also known as the sickel-pear.
    According to no less eminent authority than Professor F. C. Reimer, who has charge of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, near Talent, and who is probably the best posted man in America on pears, "the Seckel is the standard of pear quality." Because of this, and because Seckels have been brought to their highest stage of perfection in the Rogue River Valley, they now claim our attention.
    The origin and early history of the Seckel, as told by Professor Reimer, is most interesting: Along toward the end of the eighteenth century--about a hundred and twenty-five years ago--one "Dutch" Jacob used to hunt squirrels in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Upon his return from these hunting trips he would distribute among his friends the most delicious pears, very small but of wonderful quality. Where he obtained them was his secret, and he steadfastly refused to divulge it. Eventually it was found out; the pears came from a single tree, an accidental seedling growing wild in the woods along the river just south of Philadelphia. The land later was purchased by a man named Seckel. Thus the pear acquired its name. From "Dutch" Jacob's single tree have been propagated all the Seckel pears now known in this country.
    The Seckel pear should be grown more extensively in the Rogue Valley than it now is, in the opinion of Professor Reimer. Jackson County's Agricultural Agent, Claude C. Cate, takes a like view. He says: "The production of Seckel pears of good size has been definitely proved in the Rogue River Valley. These pears are being more and more used in the candied fruit and soda fountain trade throughout the country. I believe there is a good field for growing more Seckels here--the limit will be determined by marketing conditions."
    In the Rogue River Valley the Seckel pear is directly connected with the early history of the region, though not a part of it. Back in 1852 one of the important stage stops between Roseburg and Ashland was on the Rogue River a short distance below the site later to be occupied by the present city of Gold Hill. The stage station, a spacious building containing some thirty rooms, along with the customary dance hall and bar, where what was then considered suitable beverage was served to refresh the weary, and usually thirsty, traveler of stage-coach days. An extensive wheat ranch surrounded this station, and its garden afforded an endless variety of vegetables for the dining tables of this popular stopping place, known as the Rock Point stage station. This establishment, or more properly this location, was destined sixty years later to gain horticultural prominence as the place where the Seckel pear has been brought to its highest state of perfection. It became the Del Rio Orchards, property of Messrs. Weeks and Deuel, of Medford, Oregon.
    When the Del Rio Orchards were planted--it was during 1907--a regular Rogue River style of orchard was set out, consisting of approximately 125 acres of pears--Bartlett, Howell, D'Anjou, Bosc, Comice and Winter Nelis, about equally divided as to acreage. The fact that different varieties growing in proximity ensures proper pollenization in a measure accounts for this rather wide selection having been made. It has numerous other advantages, which are based on the fact that fruit from different varieties matures more or less in succession, with obvious benefits to both grower and consuming public.
    It may have been noted that the delicious Seckel is missing from the above list of pears. Seckels were planted, but not in the orchard proper: When this fine orchard was set out an avenue or driveway was laid out in it, for the use of vehicles carrying out its products. After due consideration of trees that might be used to margin this driveway, the rapidly growing, bushy and moderately blight-resisting Seckel was selected--primarily on account of its appearance, rather than with the thought that it would prove a revenue producer of consequence. They were set out thirty feet apart along both sides of the sixty-foot drive.
    Good horticultural practices of thinning and pruning, along with extensive irrigation, were followed just as faithfully with the two rows of Seckels along the driveway as elsewhere throughout the orchard. The Seckel grows in clusters, somewhat similar to cherries. In the Eastern States, where they are quite well known, many orchardists grow one or two trees for home use, usually giving little attention to thinning. The practice on the Del Rio Orchard has been to thin them out well--to leave but one pear of a cluster, and sometimes remove the entire bunch when the clusters were too close together.
    On this Rogue River orchard, through a combination of sound horticultural methods, irrigation, ideal soil and climatic conditions, Seckels have been developed to the point where they are slightly smaller than the average Bartlett--from 135 to 165 Bartlett pears are required to fill a standard box; it takes only from 150 to 200 Seckels to do the same--that is, Del Rio Orchard Seckels, which from stock that produced fruit but little larger than your thumb. What are believed to be unprecedented prices have been obtained for these pears, which far exceed all expectations both as to yield and market.
    In conclusion, the following notes regarding this pear are offered for such interest as they may have:
    Like "Dutch" Jacob's lone tree, all Seckels are self-fertilizing. Unlike most other varieties of pears, their productivity is in nowise affected if they are planted apart and away from other varieties.
    The Seckel, where known at all, is called the "sweetest pear that grows." They usually are a convincing proof of the saying that "good things come in small packages" and their customary tiny size has been a rather deciding factor against their proper packing and marketing heretofore. In their Eastern environment they are quite small, ordinarily not growing to be much larger than one's thumb. It takes from 300 to 400 or more of these smaller Seckels to make a standard box, so they have usually been "jumble-packed," which is an expressive way of saying that they are just loosely thrown into boxes. Quite an extensive use for these tiny morsels of the pear family has been in the manufacture of glace or candied fruits, their high sugar content making them especially desirable for this purpose. Packages of Christmas candy everywhere have featured the Seckel pear on this account. The larger Seckels are now also used for this purpose to some extent by halving and quartering them, but their use is in nowise limited to this purpose.
Gold Hill News, January 7, 1926, page 1


    Thanks to the efforts of the county agricultural agent's office and the Fruit Growers league, a complete census of pear and apple trees in Jackson County has been completed, after a survey that has taken considerable hard work over an extended period of time.
    The pear enumeration shows the following interesting facts:
    Total pear trees in valley, 719,096.
    Total pear acreage, 10,272.7
    Total trees 1 to 5 years, aggregate 13,774, on 1911.1 acres.
    Total trees 6 to 8 years, 44.473, on 635.3 acres.
    Total trees 8 to 12 years, 62,417, on an acreage of 891.6.
    Total trees 12 to 15 years, 116,068, on 1658.1 acres.
    Total over 16 years, 362,364, on an acreage of 5176.6.
    The average is 70 pear trees to the acre.
    The total number of apple trees 1 to 5 years old is 1485, on 29.7 acres.
    Total apple trees 6 to 8 old, 4041, on 80.8 acres.
    Nine to 12 years, 3471 trees, on 69.4 acres.
    Thirteen to 15 years, 20,134 trees, on 402.6 acres.
    Sixteen years and over, 103,682 apple trees on a total of 2073.5 acres.
    The apple trees average 50 to the acre, and the leading varieties are Spitzenbergs and Newtowns.
    There is a total of 138,813 apple trees on a total of 2656 acres.
Medford Mail Tribune, June 29, 1928, page 1


    In the 200 years that pears have been grown in the United States, growers have determined when they were due to be picked by pressing the pear with the thumb. Until recently that has been the process during the 30 years that pears have been grown at Medford.
    But picking time is determined now by use of a machine. Some years ago Medford Boscs went at top prices in the markets. A big slump in price came, and it was caused by the fact that the fruit was picked at the wrong time. The machine, which is now in universal use in the Medford pear orchards, shows them when to pick, and along with other factors, determines the time to market. The thumb process has gone entirely out of use.
    The machine has proven not only the time to pick, but has shown the length of time during which the various varieties of pears may be picked. When harvested out of this particular season, which in the case of Boscs is only about two weeks, the pear may not only never ripen, but decays at the core and becomes unfit for use. Before this new process of determining picking time was originated, there were instances in which carload after carload of beautiful pears were condemned and destroyed after they had been shipped to eastern markets.
    When the big slump came in the price of Bosc pears, the matter was brought to the attention of the experiment station at Oregon State College, and in a long series of experiments the trouble was discovered to be due to unseasonable picking. The discovery led to the invention of a machine in which a plunger is driven into the pear and the pressure required to do so is registered on a device which, in effect, is a pair of scales.
    In the case of a Bosc pear, if the pressure is between 24 and 28 pounds it is time for the pears on that tree to be picked. If the pressure is 22 pounds or less, the pear is overripe and picking time is past. If it is more than 28 pounds, it is too early to pick.
    Almost humanlike, a buzzer worked by an electric contact announces whether the fruit is fit for picking. In the case of the Anjou pear, the pressure test is 20 to 25 pounds and in the case of the Comice is 16 to 20.
    Along with the pressure machine, after a long series of experiments at the Corvallis station in conjunction with the Medford experiment station, the varying temperatures for cold storage for the different varieties and the length of time in which they will stand storage has been fixed. The season of storage for Bosc ends January 1, the Comice February 1, the Anjou March 1 and the Winter Nelis May 1.
    The reliability of the new tests and other discoveries by the two experiment stations are so highly regarded that shipper and packers are requiring the tests to be applied before accepting shipment. One of the county agents by whom the question of picking time is determined made 575 tests in a single month this season against 70 for the entire season last year.
    The new pear testing machine has been adopted by the Department of Agriculture at Washington, and its use is becoming general in pear-growing districts. Growers at Medford estimate that the device has a value of hundreds of thousands of dollars a year in the Medford district alone, where pear production is probably on higher standard in process than in any other district in America, if not in the world.
B. F. Irvine in Oregon Journal.
Medford Mail Tribune, September 19, 1928, page 4


    The Oregon state experiment station, in cooperation with the Southern Oregon experiment station, has just issued an important bulletin on pears. This gives the results of the pressure tests, time of picking and cold storage experiments conducted by these stations in Rogue River Valley during the past four years. This is the most extensive work that has ever been carried on anywhere to determine the proper time to pick pears, the best storage temperatures, length of time the various varieties can be held in storage, and the proper method of ripening and conditioning pears for the consumer.
    The great value of this work is already apparent to every pear grower in Southern Oregon. Growers are now picking their pears in accordance with the results obtained in these extensive experiments, and every shipper is well aware of the improved condition of the Rogue River Valley pears on the markets. This improvement is also admirably reflected in the manner in which the large markets have received these pears. Picking and marketing in accordance with these findings has established great confidence in the market. The heavy losses formerly sustained with some of the winter varieties in the large markets have been eliminated.
    A notable outgrowth of this work is the phenomenal success the Winter Pear Committee has made in opening up and establishing a large new market for Bosc pears in Detroit. The pears sent there were picked in accordance with the results obtained in the experiment stations' picking tests and were ripened and conditioned in accordance with the findings of the stations' storage and ripening experiments. Those experiments have shown that Bosc pears, when picked at the proper time, can be held in storage from three to four months, and still develop excellent quality if ripened at temperatures determined by this work.
    The complete bulletin covering these experiments may now be obtained from the Southern Oregon experiment station at Talent.
Medford Mail Tribune, November 27, 1929, page 5


    Close to $30,000 will be expended this winter by orchardists in the planting of new blocks of pears throughout the Rogue River Valley, and work will start as soon as the present weather conditions moderate. Clearing skies after the recent rain would make conditions ideal for the work.
    Four carloads of young pear trees have been ordered from California nurseries, and delivery will be made within the next ten days. Most of these are of the Bosc, Comice, and D'Anjou varieties, though all will be represented.
    Some of the orchards already have holes dug for the trees and others are waiting for the ground to dry sufficiently to permit work.
    The cost of planting the trees on the new acreage will range, it is estimated, from $60 to $75 per acre. The new plantings will in some instances take the place of aged trees, the productivity of which has been lessened, and in other cases apple trees have been pulled to make room for pears.
    On the holdings of James E. Edmiston and W. F. Biddle of the C. & E. Company, 200 acres of new trees will be planted. Henry Chadir, a member of a California banking and orchard family, will plant 150 acres to new trees in the Talent district. New trees will be set out at the Modoc orchard by the Potter Palmer company; the Hillcrest orchard,  and at the Redskin orchard, owned by E. W. Carleton. Henry Anning will set out 40 acres in new trees and Harry Dubuque of the Central Point district will plant a five-acre block.
    This winter a number of orchards are installing pipe systems for the handling of spray. The work is being done by the E. R. White Machinery company and it is finding the work difficult these days in the stick belt. The spray pipe system simplifies and expedites the spray work.
Medford Mail Tribune, December 17, 1929, page 1


    In discussing the organization and purposes of the Pacific Growers Council recently formed at Sacramento, H. Van Hoevenberg Wednesday addressed the Fruit Growers League in full as follows:
    "We have at Medford in our Fruit Growers League a body which in its plan of organization and the effectiveness of its work is unique in the industry. There is not, to my knowledge, any other organization functioning along similar lines. It is common knowledge both here at home and throughout the industry that during the past few years our local condition has shown vast improvement, and that the Medford district has won for itself a commanding position in the markets of the world. Perhaps that last statement would be more accurate if I said that we are rapidly winning such commanding position, for while great success has been made, there is still much to accomplish.
    "No intelligent or informed person conversant with the facts and acting in good faith can deny that the improvement in our condition today as compared with a few years ago can be attributed primarily to one cause, namely, that the producers of this district, with an unusually high average of intelligence and ability, have availed themselves through the Fruit Growers League of opportunities for thorough discussion of the problems which have arisen, have had the initiative and courage to plan constructive measures and have loyally supported the officers and committees entrusted with the responsibility of carrying these constructive measures to a successful conclusion.
    "We are prospering today because we have cooperated in solving our mutual problems and have been able through organization to coordinate our efforts, instead of acting as a lot of aimless individual units, fighting each other and getting nowhere. We will continue to prosper in the future precisely in such degree as we are able to continue this cooperative constructive effort of ours. It is somewhat of a new idea for the growers themselves to undertake the solving of their own major, underlying problems instead of drifting aimlessly along with a blind trust in Fate. We have only scratched the surface, and it is my prediction that if we continue our efforts the next five years will show an improvement even greater than the last five.
    "It has long been a cherished dream and an often expressed wish of many of our members that an advertising campaign be conducted to widen the market and stimulate the demand for pears. The production of pears has doubled within ten years and estimates indicate that it will double again in the next ten. At the same time the per capita consumption throughout the United States has steadily decreased and the general price level has steadily declined as a result. This is largely due to the fact that competitive fruits such as oranges, bananas, pineapples, have been making aggressive efforts, through advertising, to widen their markets. This they have succeeded in doing and partly at our expense. While their markets have expanded, ours have contracted. Possibly the most vitally important and outstanding fact shown by an analysis of the condition of the pear industry is that with our rapidly increasing production and steadily decreasing consumption, we as pear growers will shortly be faced with two alternatives--either increase the consumption of our product, or see its value decline to a point where no grower can operate at a profit. The test of our intelligence and ability will be whether we wait until sheer necessity compels us to move, or whether we anticipate our future and take the necessary measures to keep our business profitable.
    "It was with these facts in mind that the program for the recent meeting of the Oregon State Horticulture Society at Medford was developed. The committee in charge was appointed by me as president of the society and was composed entirely of Medford growers, acting with president Burch of the Fruit Growers League and myself. The program was deliberately arranged to present the fundamental economic facts upon which the pear industry depends for success in such a way as to bring out the best thought of the growers attending the meetings as to ways and means for accomplishing constructive results. To this end the secretary was instructed to request the state colleges of Oregon and California to send us the best men available with the most complete data which had been secured either through their own research or otherwise, and present same to us in condensed form.
    "You have just been told by Mr. Wood of the remarkable results accomplished by our Bosc campaign in Detroit. This campaign was made possible only through our cooperative effort which came as the result of many frank discussions in our league meetings. I want to say to you men who made this effort possible through your united support that you have focused the attention of the pear industry at large on Medford to a remarkable extent. You have accomplished a unique and outstanding achievement and given a practical demonstration of what big results can be secured through coordinated effort even on a comparatively small scale. This work could and should be expanded and carried on for our great local benefit.
    "But with all its success, the work of the Medford Winter Pear Committee has necessarily been limited, and the Detroit campaign in particular was in behalf of our own specialty products. The larger problem, which will rapidly increase in importance each year, is to greatly increase the use of all kinds of pears as an article of food throughout the land. It would not be fair to ask any one district to conduct an advertising campaign for this purpose from which all districts would benefit in proportion to the excellence of its product, and in addition the expense would be prohibitive, unless the burden were fairly distributed throughout the industry.
    "For several years past the officers of your league have had informal conferences with representatives of other districts, and we believed the time was ripe to call them together and ascertain whether or not coordinated, cooperative effort was possible throughout the industry toward handling this major project. Therefore, with malice aforethought, leading growers and executives of growers' organizations in each producing district were invited to attend the Medford meeting of the State Horticultural Society. The deep dark plot succeeded and the attendance of those invited was beyond our expectations.
    "As a result of the conferences held here, attended by many of you who are present today, it was resolved to form the Pacific Pear Council. This was to be composed of three grower members from each of eleven distinct pear-producing centers on the Pacific Coast. The delegates attending at Medford agreed to return to their respective homes, secure the appointment or election of such  grower representatives, and have them convene for organization purposes at Sacramento two weeks later--December 2nd and 3rd, 1929. It is possible that this date may be regarded later as an important one.
    "The meeting at Sacramento was signalized by a full attendance from each of the designated districts in Washington, Oregon and California. Among those present were many very prominent growers, of whom a considerable number were directors or executives of the leading growers' organizations on the coast, whose cooperation is essential in securing united support. It was highly gratifying to see representatives of organizations which have been rivals for years sitting in an earnest conference over a mutual problem, and dealing with it in a spirit of give and take in an effort to find common ground.
    "A singular tribute was paid to what Medford has already accomplished inasmuch as it was the unanimous wish of every district represented that the honor of leadership should go to Medford. I believe it is particularly fortunate that Mr. David Rosenberg, whose ability we all know, was elected president of the council.
    "There is not time this afternoon to go into too much detail regarding matters of organization. All growers will be kept informed through the press and direct communications. We attempted to set up a form of organization which would keep in close contact with individual growers, through the various district representatives. In effect, it was an expansion of the ideas along which we have worked at Medford--where the initiative and support must come from the growers themselves and the organization provides the necessary machinery to carry out the growers' wishes.
    "It the growers of all other districts were of the same general type that we have here, were as conversant with the different angles of the game, and were as accustomed as we are to threshing out our problems together, it is probable that a general advertising campaign, for example, might be successfully undertaken this year. Unfortunately this is not the case, and the representatives of several important districts, producing large tonnage, stated that while they believed it could be done in a year's time, their growers were not yet ready for such a move, owing to lack of information. Immediate steps are being taken to remedy this condition in these districts.
    "An important phase of the general problem of under-consumption is that relating to winter pears. While the winter pear deal is part of the general problem, it has certain phases all its own. The production of winter pears is pretty well concentrated in a few localities. It seems within the possibilities that a plan may be worked out and put into effect next year which will benefit all winter pear growers of whatever variety, without any district losing any advantages it now holds as to excellence of variety, quality or brand. For example, we in Medford propose to hold whatever advantages we now possess, and in no sense to lose our individuality.
    "It is to be particularly emphasized that in its declaration of purposes, the Pacific Pear Council pointed out that under no circumstances would it engage in the buying or marketing of fruit as a distributing agency. It has no alliances, present or prospective, with any marketing plan or agency, but for the purpose of securing data and information to forward whatever work it undertakes, it will call upon any source, government, state or private, where such information can be best obtained.
    "While doing the necessary preliminary work of organization and preparing for a possible advertising campaign, it was felt that much can be accomplished the coming season which will be at once reflected in improved service and cash returns to all growers. Every district has suffered from imperfect knowledge of conditions elsewhere, size of crop, amounts and dates of shipment, cash prices paid by different buyers and many kindred  items. We hope to set up machinery before next season for the exchange of information which will do away with the present evils. The idea of the council is to build from the bottom up and not from the top down.
    "There will, of course, be many obstacles to overcome, and greater ultimate success may be expected if we do not undertake too ambitious a program at the start. There will be marketing agencies who will refuse their cooperation at the start, though I believe the more important and broader ones will give full support. We must expect to meet the opposition of certain interests which function in every community who would profit by keeping the growers disorganized and as much as possible in ignorance of what they can best do to help themselves. It will be necessary to interest the type of grower who is inclined to confine his efforts purely to the growing of his crop and not interest himself in the equally important matter of providing a profitable market for what he produces. There are several thousand growers on the coast who are directly concerned in this matter, and it will take time to get united action on the part of seventy or eighty percent of them. In short, the pear council faces a task which requires the expenditure of much time and energy on the part of those whom the growers choose to represent them on the council.
    "There are many encouraging features. In our Detroit campaign your committee has received the loyal support and cooperation of practically all the shippers and distributors of this district, and the indications are that such support will also be extended in California and Washington if the growers make their wishes known to that effect. In the last analysis the elements which will lead to the success or failure of the proposed council are exactly the same as in the case of our Bosc campaign in Detroit. Success or failure will result in exact proportion as the growers give their moral and financial support. If this support is withheld either through indifference or because a considerable percentage of growers allow themselves to be misled by a smoke screen of misrepresentation and distortion, nothing but failure can result. On the other hand, assuming that the growers choose able and energetic men as their representatives, Pacific coastthe council should justify the remark made to me by one of the largest growers in California after the Sacramento meeting when he said that "the forming of this organization is the strongest indication the pear industry has yet given that it feels big enough and important enough to fight for its proper position in the business world. We owe a great deal to the Medford district for pointing the way."
Medford Mail Tribune, December 22, 1929, page B2


Medford Mail Tribune, March 13, 1930, page 1


Medford Mail Tribune, March 27, 1930, page 1


Medford Mail Tribune, April 13, 1930, page 8


Medford Mail Tribune, April 17, 1930, page 2


Medford Mail Tribune, May 1, 1930, page 7


Medford Mail Tribune, June 13, 1930, page 1


Medford Mail Tribune, June 14, 1930, page 1


Medford Mail Tribune, June 25, 1930, page 1


Medford Mail Tribune, July 27, 1930, page 6


Medford Mail Tribune, July 29, 1930, page 1


Medford Mail Tribune, September 3, 1930, page 5


    The following is a copy of a letter received by Mr. D. R. Wood, chairman of the Medford winter pear committee, from Professor Henry Hartman of New York City:
    "In compliance with your request I will endeavor to give you a brief resume of the observations I have made thus far in this season. Of course, most of the work for the year is still in progress and only a preliminary report can be given at this time.
    "Needless to say, this is a trying season for those engaged in the fruit industry. Even the citrus fruits, which held their own well during the early part of the season, are now selling at prices below handling and transportation costs. Apples have held their ground fairly well but pears, tangerines, oranges and grapefruit have faced declining markets from the beginning and no one is optimistic to the extent of saying that the bottom has been reached.
    "Growers, shippers and other agencies generally attribute the present low prices to the economic depression which began a little more than a year ago. Undoubtedly, much of the difficulty can legitimately be laid to this cause, but the fruit industry must not lose sight of the fact that there are other factors involved and that these will have to be given serious consideration in the future.
    "Taking pears as an example, the figures of the Bureau of Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture show that pear holdings on December 1st of this year were approximately sixty-one percent greater than they were on the corresponding date last year. Shipments of Bartlett pears from the Pacific Coast were approximately twice as great in 1930 as they were in 1929. One who studies these figures cannot escape the conclusion that a serious situation was at hand even had normal economic conditions prevailed. It is hardly conceivable that the present demand for pears, even backed by good buying power, could have taken care of so large an increase in tonnage from one year to another.
    "The late varieties of pears had no chance to succeed this year. The Bartlett variety dominated the picture long after its normal season was over, and other sorts could not get started. Fruit stores everywhere offered Bartletts for sale during all October and even late into November. Cars of Northwest Bartletts were sold at auction in New York City as late as the middle of November and one car was sold in Chicago on December 5th! While this fruit still appeared to be in fairly good condition at the time of sale, it was unfit for consumption when it reached the consumer and, doubtless, turned many people away from pears altogether.
    "With the increase in tonnage it becomes apparent that grade and quality will have to receive added consideration. In the days when pears were comparatively rare, grade and pack could be overlooked without disastrous results. This year, however, it is clear that only the attractive, well-graded stock has a chance of selling above cost of production.
    "The markets of the country cannot absorb so high a percentage of inferior pears as were prepared for shipment this year. There is but little doubt that many cars now selling "in the red" are doing so because of the large number of off-grade specimens that have found their way into the fancy and extra fancy grades and because of the high percentage of fruit that is too small to retail by the piece.
    "While some of the Medford brands are fully up to the standard of last year, many of them are considerably below par. Upon reinspection here some cars have shown from eight to thirty-five percent off-grade fruit in the extra fancies. Apparently, some of the shippers tried to maintain the usual relative proportion of fancy and extra fancy in spite of the fact that the crop this year was not up to the average standard. This has created a serious situation in that some of the other districts produced an unusually fine crop of pears this year and took particular pains to put up a good pack.
    "The pear industry at the present time has practically no by-products and, hence, has no channels for the utilization of low-grade fruit. Most of the fruit which sticks to the trees in spring ultimately finds its way into the fancy and extra fancy grades. It is true that some of the off-grade fruit is packed under special brands, but the percentage so packed is low compared to the amount produced and special brands are usually unprofitable. With the increased competition that pears must face in the future, it appears certain that pear growers will be forced to adopt a system of thinning that will ensure not only a more desirable distribution of sizes, but that will eliminate, to a large extent, the misshapen, frost-marked, limb-marked, and otherwise imperfect specimens. The apple growers of the state of Washington came to this conclusion several years ago and the result, as applied to the apple industry, speak for themselves. Thinning, when properly done, results in practically no decrease in final tonnage and adds nothing to the cost of production. It costs no more to clip off the imperfect specimens in spring than it does to pick them by hand in the fall and to put them over washing machines and grading and packing equipment.
    "It is encouraging to note that Medford pears this year are holding up much better in storage than they did last year. Apparently the general speeding up of harvesting operation, with the reduction of the period between the time of picking and the time when the fruit went under refrigeration, is having a decided beneficial effect on the keeping quality. This is especially significant since the season of all varieties has to be extended to its utmost limits this year.
    "The eating quality of Medford Bosc pears as they are being offered to customers in New York City is considerably better than it was last year. While it is true that some Bosc are being retailed in a green, inedible condition, the percentage of such fruit has been materially reduced. About 100 cars were conditioned here and the weather has been much more favorable for ripening than it was last season. While there is still considerable opposition to conditioning, there is no doubt but that jobbers here are more willing to accept partially ripened Bosc than they were last year.
    "Failure of Bosc pears to develop the gold color characteristic of the variety has caused more or less difficulty this season. While poor color, in some cases, was undoubtedly due to the fact that the fruit was too green at the time of sale, a considerable amount failed to take on color even when in prime condition for eating. As you know, a number of experiments to determine the cause of this trouble are now in progress. It is too early at this time, however, to give a report of the results obtained.
    "At a later date I hope to be able to give you some concrete results from my handling and storage experiments. These, I believe, will prove of interest to the growers and shippers of the Rogue River Valley."
Medford Mail Tribune, January 11, 1931, page B3


    David R. Wood, chairman of the Winter Pear Committee, in an address Thursday before the Traffic association, summarized the local situation as follows:
    The idea of combining the Fruitgrowers League and the Traffic Association had its conception midst the throes of adversity. The year of 1930 was not kind to either the grower or the shipper. In fact, disaster is here necessitating a readjustment of many things. Inasmuch as our problems are mutual, shippers, packers and growers should get together under one roof determined to analyze their troubles and see what can be done to avoid a repetition of 1930 pear values.
    In order to secure a comprehensive picture of the situation confronting the pear industry at this time, I feel it is necessary to state in sequence some of the major items leading up to the present moment.
    1. Increase in production
    2. Lack of uniformity in package.
    3. Failure to restrict sizes of pears offered for sale.
    4. Lack of cooperation between shipper, packer and grower.
    5. Failure of grower to produce a first-class pear in the orchard.
    6. The economic situation existing in 1930.
    So much has been said about this phase of the pear industry in the past two years I feel it is entirely necessary for me to stress this feature. Production is on the increase. Whether or not it will be seriously curtailed by the laws of economics I am not prepared to hazard even a guess. If the present economic situation prevailed over a period of two or three years, we could forecast a greatly reduced pear crop. Your guess as to what will happen is just as good as mine. I think it can be safely stated that orchards now in existence will continue to produce, in some shape or form, a definite quantity of fruit that someone will endeavor to market. The law of the survival of the fittest is inevitable. We can do a great deal to assist Nature in exterminating the unfit by pledging the Medford district as a unit to raise only the best quality and size of pears produced. Meantime, we cannot overlook the fact that pear production is on the increase and is probably the greatest problem we must face.
    The Medford district has enjoyed a well-earned reputation for uniformity of its package for several years past. While it is true there has been a slight variation here and there, on the whole, a fairly good package has been tendered the trade. This was not true in 1930. There was a marked difference in many of the packages shipped the past year. This must be rectified immediately, and some sane method devised for securing and maintaining a high standard of excellence in our product that will hold in the fall and winter pear business safely entrenched in the Medford district.
    Let me give you two striking examples; Lipton's tea is known the world over. Why? Ask the old lady who drinks it. Her answer: "The same today, yesterday, and forever." Reputation is achieved only by consistency of performance.
    Take any well-known automobile. What would happen to the volume of sales if the manufacturer decided to lower the quality of some particular make or type of car? How long would it take the dealers to get wise? How many cars would he sell in competition with other manufacturers who at least maintained the standards of excellence offered in past years? The answer is obvious.
    If there is any grower, packer or shipper here at this meeting today who honestly believes the Medford district tendered the trade real honest quality produce in 1930, I want to look him over. So much for quality.
    Increasing production demands we curtail sizes. Small pears will have to be discarded. Possibly only pears one hundred eighty and larger should ever be shipped commercially. Obviously, the grower must take care of this feature through different methods of pruning and heavy thinning. The packer cannot change the sizes of the pears tendered him in the lug box. If the grower insists on raising small fruit, he may find himself severely penalized by having his fruit rejected.
    This may prove to be a very delicate subject, but in a crisis such as exists in Medford today, cooperation must be secured and matters discussed openly which otherwise would be considered the private business of some particular shipper, packer or grower.
    To name a few points creating dissension:
    The shipper who finances orchards to the detriment of the grower who has his own money invested.
    The packer who continues to pack out small sizes, off-grade fruit and whose remuneration, to a great extent, depends upon the volume of business he secures.
    The grower who insists upon determining for himself what constitutes an extra fancy or fancy pear with the result that the packer is intimidated.
    The type of grower who states quite blandly to the packer, "If you won't do it, Dick will."
    The pear industry is no different from any other business. If we as growers have an idea that the trade and buying public are compelled to take what we offer, then we assume that the pear industry is some sort of a freak business not answerable to the laws of supply or demand. Good sound business principles must be observed. If this is done, the growers will do their utmost to raise only high-grade fruit. Some sort of a local organization having only the best interests of the grower in mind must function in order to elevate present orchard practice.
    It would be a waste of time to discuss this feature. Nineteen-thirty was the worst year ever experienced by the pear growers of the Pacific Slope. With the collapse of the boom late in the fall of 1929, a period set in wherein the demand for luxuries quickly reached a very low point, resulting in lower prices. Prices, in fact, reached such a very low level that the grower in many cases did not receive a cent on the cost of production.
    To make matters worse, all up and down the Pacific Slope, packers and growers sent east the very poorest grade of pears ever offered to the buying public. What effect this had on the prices paid for pears cannot be stated in dollars and cents. It was plenty.
    I have touched only a few points that can be discussed in connection with the necessity for everyone interested in the pear business getting together. There are others here today who will have plenty to say about our needs.
    I want to stress the necessity of advertising. The best illustration I can give you would be this: If cities such as Detroit, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Washington, Baltimore, Buffalo, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Minneapolis, and St. Paul had been exploited years ago to the point where they would have consumed, within their own confines, 300 cars of Bosc pears in 1930, prices paid for Bosc would at least have given back to the grower a substantial part, if not all, of the cost of production.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 18, 1931, page B1


    There is scarcely need of calling attention to the fact that this country and the entire world is suffering from serious business depression.
    The local fruit industry has suffered, and is suffering, along with every other industry.
    Not since the spray residue crisis have Medford fruit growers been faced with a more difficult problem than they now face during the next ten months. There never has been greater need of unified effort, and the application of the best ability and highest intelligence, that the local industry can produce.
    In an effort to surmount this crisis, a mass meeting of valley pear growers has been called for Friday at one p.m. to be addressed by Frank T. Swett of San Francisco, manager of the California Pear Growers Association. Mr. Swett is well known in Medford, where he has often talked before, and is recognized as an expert in all phases of pear culture, marketing and distribution. He will have important information to give regarding the present situation, and what he considers the best method of meeting it.
    Every pear grower in Southern Oregon, with his own interest and the interests of his industry at heart, should attend this meeting. The problem can't be solved by a few growers, but must be solved by all of them; it can't be solved by this clique or that, but must be solved by the elimination of all cliques and divisions--the creation of genuine unity and cooperation.
    The present is no time for pride of opinion to prevail. Nor it is a time for uncompromising individualism to be tolerated. It is time for the subordination of all selfish interests, to the welfare of the industry as a whole--all pulling together and working together toward a common end.
    And the first step in such a program is for every pear grower who can possibly do so to attend this meeting, make it the largest and most representative one ever held in Southern Oregon.
    So, Mr. Pear Grower, make your plans now to be at the Elks temple Friday afternoon. We believe the problem can be solved and the crisis surmounted--for we have great faith in the ability and the intelligence of the orchardists in the Rogue River Valley--but it can't be done if the policy of letting the other fellow do it is adopted.
    This must be a united and concerted effort, with every individual's shoulder to the wheel, if the experience of 1930 is not to be repeated in 1931.
    So whether you are a large or small grower, a member of this organization or that, be there to answer the roll call on Friday afternoon. With every grower doing his bit, the truth will again be demonstrated that Medford has the highest grade of citizenship on the Coast--that when something must be done, it always has the men to do it.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 21, 1931, page 4


    Preliminary plans, as outlined at a meeting of Northwest district growers and shippers in Portland last Saturday, for a 1931 advertising campaign for winter pears were explained at today's meeting of the Rogue River Traffic Association by David Rosenberg, president of the Pacific Pear Council.
    The salient points are:
    There is a strong sentiment in Northwest districts for the conducting of an advertising campaign on a substantial national basis.
    At least 85 percent of the total winter pear tonnage in the Northwest districts favor the advertising.
    That an assessment of not to exceed two cents per box be levied, the shippers to make the collections with the consent of the growers and that the money for the advertising be available before the advertising started. The amount of the assessment per box will be fixed at a meeting to be held in May.
    It was agreed that the advertising be placed in charge of a competent and established advertising organization and that care be taken lest the campaign become half-hearted.
    The name of the advertising unit will be the Northwest Advisory Board of the Pacific Pear Council for Market Promotion.
    The districts represented at the Portland meeting were Hood River, Medford, Wenatchee and Yakima. The Santa Clara and Placer County districts of California will be invited to join.
    Mr. Rosenberg said that he was surprised at the amount of sentiment shown at the meeting for an advertising campaign and further stated, "I have no doubt the campaign will develop into the most important activity of the pear industry in many years." He cited that the New York Pear Committee was in favor of advertising and saw its need.
    It is planned to have the campaign launched in time for the 1931 sales.
    The Traffic Association gave its moral support to the plan and will act with the Fruitgrowers' League in its consummation.
    The Traffic Association also named a committee, composed of Hugh Hamlin, Lester Newbry and P. Naumes to meet with a committee from the Fruitgrowers' League to recommend appointments from this section to the state agricultural commission recently created by the legislature. The name of H. Von Hoevenberg has been mentioned for the advisory board and A. C. Allen for the plant industry department.
Medford Mail Tribune, March 5, 1931, page 5


    The great breach of earth which used to house their far-reaching roots is not the only unfilled space left by the "old apple trees"--nor the only reminder that they once stood, casting a latticework of shadow over green fields in summer and a shower of bloom to the winds of spring. For a permanent vacancy in the view has been created for many residents of the Table Rock district by their recent uprooting from the J. C. Pendleton ranch, where they had stood for approximately 50 years.
    Planted in the early days on first land claim north of the Rogue Eiver, the trees weathered the floods and storms of the pioneer era to share in the glory of the great apple boom which came to the Rogue River valley in 1910.
    Their fruits were sent to many countries, always arriving in "fine condition." On the "Christmas ship" which carried gifts from San Francisco to the Philippine Islands and on into the heart of Luzon in 1909, then sent Spitzenbergs and Newtowns to bring joy to many foreign hearths. And a realization to their sender, General Charles R. Greenleaf and many other orchardists, that apples of the Rogue River Valley can be shipped long distances and arrive in perfect condition.
    Then the apple boom passed and pears came to reign in the Rogue River Valley. Rows and rows of trees were removed from the soil to make room for the new fruit. But the "old apple trees" stood on, stretching their limbs upward and outward, failing to realize that danger lurked in so great an expanse of branches. They became too large for small, modern spray rigs to care for them. They became a menace to other orchards. Now their trunks and branches will tell their last story to the flames on the open hearth.
Medford Mail Tribune, April 18, 1931, page 3


    PORTLAND, Ore., May 11.--(Special to Mail Tribune)--At a meeting of the Northwest Pear Council here Saturday it was unanimously decided to advertise pears in the eastern markets this year, and a committee consisting of Dave Rosenberg, Medford; W. F. Gwin, Seattle, and Ben Perham, Yakima, was appointed to perfect an organization and arrange final details.
    This decision has followed a long fight on the part of Medford pear growers to secure Northwest support for an extensive advertising campaign first started when the pear council was formed several years ago. It is expected that a large number of California orchardists will aid in financing the campaign, although it is doubtful if California pear growers as an organization join in the first advertising project.
    Great enthusiasm for the advertising was manifest at the meeting, and every pear-growing district in the Northwest was represented as "sold" on the idea. It is believed the right sort of publicity will materially increase profits for the orchardists throughout the coast district.
    The committee appointed met in Seattle yesterday and will announce their program probably the latter part of this week. Each grower subscribing to the council fund will pay a certain charge per box, the exact charge being as small as is consistent with an effective advertising campaign. At Saturday's meeting Medford pear growers were represented by Dave Rosenberg and Raymond Reter.
Medford Mail Tribune, May 11, 1931, page 1


    Prof. Henry Hartman of Oregon State College, who for the past two years has carried on storage and marketing investigations in eastern markets for the valley shippers and growers, will make a preliminary report tomorrow noon to the packers on a sulphide wrapper he has perfected. Valley shippers have delayed ordering their season's supply of fruit wrappers, pending this report.
    The sulphide wrapper has been studied for a couple of years by Prof. Hartman and its use eliminated pinhole rot, mold and other ailments that afflict pears in storage.
    At an early date, Prof. Hartman will make a full report on his storage and marketing investigations the past two years and the sulphide wrapper to valley fruit men at a mass meeting. He returned to Corvallis the first of the month and is now working on this report.
    At a meeting of the Rogue River Traffic Association this noon it was voted to ask the Oregon congressional delegation to use their influence in the retention of Dr. Cooley, a Department of Agriculture expert at Hood River. Under a realignment, it was proposed to shift Dr. Cooley to other fields. Hood River orchardists claim that his transfer would impair his investigational work into the pear cluster and their diseases.
    An expected discussion of the pear advertising campaign plan was deferred until next week. David Rosenberg, president of the Pacific Pear Council, is now in Seattle conferring on the details.
    No long speeches were available at the session this noon, so the Traffic Association set a record by adjourning 15 minutes early.
Medford Mail Tribune, May 14, 1931, page 5


    Prof. Henry Hartman, of the Oregon State College, told a large gathering of valley shippers and packers at a noon meeting today that he would not recommend extensive use this season of a copper-treated fruit wrapper, owing to manufacturing difficulties, but strongly suggested that shippers use sufficient copper wrappers to make a substantial experiment.
    Prof. Hartman said it was doubtful if the paper mills could perfect a copper wrapper in time for this season, as the new method would involve considerable chemistry and the perfection of machinery. He thought by next year the output would be ample, as coast pulp mills are now working on the project.
    The copper-treated wrapper would come under the Oregon fungicide laws, which would require a state permit and act as a protection for the shippers.
    Prof. Hartman said that tests made with the copper-treated wrappers showed "surprising results" in the control and prevention of nest rot and other pear ills, and that the Hood River district had used copper-treated wrappers on their apple crop with good success.
    He said that the knowledge gained from copper-treated wrappers the coming season would be of high value in years to come.
    Prof. Hartman also gave a preliminary report on tests made with different types of protective boards in the packed boxes and said it had been shown that the soft and springy type of protection was the best for the elimination of bruises and box burns. The paper toweling protection gave splendid service, Prof. Hartman said. Good results were also shown in fruit wrapped in cotton, and with cotton layers, but this, it was explained, was simply an experiment.
    The gathering was also told of tests made with fruit wrapped in oiled paper, and that the experiments showed this method to be a preventative of scald.
    Prof. Hartman recommended the use of protective material that would yield the greatest softness and springiness and add to the attractiveness of the pears.
    He further stated that another year's observations in the use of copper-treated wrappers and protective material would be valuable to shippers in their future courses. He said he realized that shippers were anxious to capitalize without delay any innovation but favored slow and careful steps.
    Prof. Hartman will join the Department of Agriculture after the close of the present school year. He is now working on the report of his two years marketing and storage investigation in New York City and will deliver it to a meeting of fruit growers and shippers to be held in this city in a couple of weeks.
Medford Mail Tribune, May 15, 1931, page 7


    Prof. Henry Hartman, Oregon State college expert, addressing a large group of valley fruit growers and shippers at the Elks temple this afternoon in an oral report of his two years' investigation of marketing and storage conditions in New York City and other eastern markets, declared that "attractiveness of the pear pack is a vital factor in the carrying out of any successful advertising campaign."
    Prof. Hartman also said that "some slight changes in the method of grading of pears may be necessary to conform with the views of buyers and consumers." He said that the shippers understood this phase of the fruit situation, but the growers, as a whole, did not. He held that the changes would be minor, but advantageous for all concerned.
    Prof. Hartman's talk was profusely illustrated with photos and slides, in which he showed the condition of the pack after it reached New York.
    A considerable portion of the address was devoted to the explaining of a series of fruit tests conducted the past year.
    Prof. Hartman also explained the sulphide copper wrapper and its use. He said that the tests to date showed it to be satisfactory, and that it had proved effective as a preventative for "nest mold." He said that a number of shippers were planning to use the copper wrapper this season in liberal quantities, so a strong line could be secured on its merits and demerits. He said by next year paper companies would be manufacturing the new product in large quantities.
    Prof. Hartman stressed the new idea of presenting the fruit to the consumer in a ripened condition and free from defects and ills that come in storage. He said that progress had been made the past year along these lines.
    E. D. Mallinson, market specialist of the Department of Agriculture, in charge of test fruit trains from this section the past two years, explained the results of these tests to date, insofar as they affected transportation refrigeration.
    David R. Wood, chairman of the winter pear committee, made a financial report for the past year.
    The meeting was under the auspices of the Fruitgrowers' League, and there was a large attendance.
    Tonight shippers and growers will hold the second meeting of the day when they will hear a report on the advertising campaign proposed for this year and take definite action on the subject.
Medford Mail Tribune, May 22, 1931, page 1


    The present report is based largely upon investigations carried on in New York and other eastern cities during the past two years. These investigations were authorized and financed by growers and shippers of the Rogue River Valley, through their official representatives, the Medford Winter Pear Committee, Inc., the personnel of which is: D. R. Wood, president; Leonard Carpenter, Harry Rosenberg, J. C. Barnes, W. F. Biddle, George B. Dean, and J. E. Spatz. The work had to do largely with problems relating to the harvesting, transportation and ripening of pears. It was in no sense a marketing survey, nor was it an attempt to promote the sale of pears. The author, throughout the investigations, adhered strictly to the ethics of research.
    While some of the data were secured from observations of commercial shipments, a considerable amount of information was obtained from controlled experiments that began at harvest time and that were carried on through the transit and storage periods.
    No attempt is made to give a full and complete report at this time. Figures and tables are largely eliminated, and only a summary of results is given.
    Growers and shippers of pears are engaged in a highly competitive venture. Pears on the market are forced to compete not only against themselves, but they must make their bid for favor against a host of products that are now being delivered to the consumer in a wholesome and attractive manner. In establishing standards of quality for pears, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the standards of quality already attained by other fruit industries.
    That the quality and appearance of pears on the market needs be improved is apparent even to the casual observer. It cannot be denied that fruits such as the apple, the orange, and the grapefruit are now being delivered to the consumer with comparatively better appearance and better eating quality than are pears. Lack of quality and lack of attractiveness are still serious obstacles to the successful sale and distribution of pears. This is due not necessarily to the fact that growers and shippers of pears are less diligent in their methods, but to the fact that pears present more serious problems of harvesting, transportation and storage than do other fruits.
    The ultimate purchaser, however, does not take this into account. He judges the product and compares it with other products, solely on the basis of value received.
    Many of the difficulties associated with the handling of pears can be overcome by minor changes of the present methods, by more judicious use of the equipment now on hand, and by application of knowledge already in existence. On the other hand, some of the problems, especially those occasioned by transportation and by certain storage disease, are fundamental in character. The solution of these may require years of research, together with close cooperation of all agencies involved and with the expenditure of considerable sums of money.
    It is apparent that the price received at auction is not always a true index of quality in pears. Factors other than quality often affect auction prices, and because the auction sheet shows a high return, it does not always follow that the shipper has delivered a satisfactory lot of pears to his customers. Examples of this have been common during the past two seasons. Bosc pears which brought high auction prices in January and February often scalded and became a total loss before they reached the consumer.
    Much harm is still being done to the pear industry by the sale of fruit that has been kept [past] its normal storage life, and that has become unpalatable and unfit for human consumption. Among storage authorities, it is recognized that pears have a rather definite cold storage life. When they are kept too long in cold storage, they do not ripen properly upon removal. The flesh remains hard, the skin "scalds" or turns brown, core breakdown may develop, and the consumer receives a worthless product. This may be true of fruit that is still hard and green and that has a normal appearance at the time of removal from cold storage.
    Just how long pears can be held in cold storage depends upon several factors. The treatment at harvest time, the inherent keeping quality of the fruit, and the conditions prevailing during transit all affect the length of life of pears. As a result of several years of observation and experimentation, however, it is now possible to establish in a general way the limits for the various sorts. With proper handling, Medford Bartlett pears upon arrival in the East can be held in cold storage for 30 days and still yield a satisfactory product. Bosc can be held until the Christmas holidays, Comice until January 15th or February 1st, Anjou until the last of March and possibly until April 15th, in the case of exceptional fruit. Winter Nelis can be held until April 30th, and in some cases as late as the middle of May.
    It should be emphasized here, however, that under the methods of handling now in vogue, only a small portion of the pear crop can be held to the foregoing dates.
    Sales of pears that were held beyond their normal storage life were common during the past season. In New York, for example, several cars of Bartlett pears were sold at auction as late as November 7th, and one car was sold on November 17th. A car of Bosc was sold on April 4th, and a car of Flemish Beauty was sold on April 9th. In Chicago, a car of Bartlett was sold on December 5th, and several cars of Bosc were sold between April 15th and April 25th. Needless to say, none of this fruit reached the consumer in an edible condition.
    The situation created by late sales of Bartlett was serious to say the least. At the time when Bosc and other fall varieties should have been on the market, the fruit stands were still jammed with Bartlett pears. These, for the most part, were of poor quality and undoubtedly did much to turn people away from pears.
    The large distributors have recognized that pears held too long were a menace to the industry, and these distributors are not responsible for the situation that prevails. The New York Pear Committee, during the past two seasons, planned its program of sales so that cars of pears in their possession would go to the trade in proper time. Their plans were upset, however, by the fact that some shippers held the fruit too long, and that some buyers, who had purchased on an f.o.b. basis, held pears without regards for their natural keeping quality.
    In considering the length of time that each variety of pears should be held, it is necessary to consider the matter of sale and distribution. If the entire pear crop could be consumed within a few weeks of harvest time, the problem of delivering a satisfactory product to the consumer would be greatly facilitated. With the large tonnage that is now being offered, however, and that will be offered in the future, it is obvious that each variety must be kept on the market as long as the fruit can be maintained in a satisfactory condition. Only in this manner can the crop be disposed of without serious congestions of the market. It is highly essential, therefore, that the crop be handled in such a matter as will ensure maximum storage life for a considerable tonnage of each variety.
    In this connection it should be emphasized, also, that no one variety can hold the market to itself for any length of time. While it is desirable that each variety should predominate during its season, it would be unwise to exclude all other varieties from the market for the time being. Retailers, as a rule, like to offer more than one kind to their customers. Some customers will buy Anjou and other clear-skinned pears, but will not buy russet sorts such as Bosc and Winter Nelis. Some dealers want several varieties to add color and diversity to their displays. Aside from this, there is always a considerable portion of the stock that, because of condition, must be moved regardless of season. Winter Nelis pears which have been abused at harvest time are often ripe long before the Anjou that have been properly handled. Then, too, some districts are naturally earlier than others. The season for Bosc pears from the Placerville district of California, for example, is several weeks ahead of that for Medford and the northern districts.
    Work by the Oregon Experiment Station and by the United States Department of Agriculture has thoroughly established the fact that temperature after picking is the most important single factor relating to the keeping of pears. This work has shown that at temperatures around 70 degrees F., pears ripen approximately 10 times as rapidly as they do at 30 to 32 degrees F. Under ordinary circumstances, pears picked and left in the orchard or packing house deteriorate as much in one day as they do in ten days of cold storage. Tests with Bosc pears have shown that a delay of seven days at 65 degrees F. was responsible for a reduction of 60 days in the possible cold storage life of the fruit. Once started, the ripening process in pears cannot be effectively checked no matter what after-treatment is given. This being true, pears may be seriously damaged if held even for short periods at temperatures above 30 to 32 degrees F.
    As the pear crop is now handled, delays after picking and unfavorable temperature conditions during transit are common. In some cases, the fruit remains in the orchard for two or three days after picking and often lays around two or three days more before it is packed. During warm weather, temperatures of 38 to 48 degrees F., and even higher, are often encountered in transit, and fruit intended for storage may arrive in the East with the top boxes showing color and giving indication that the ripening process is already well under way.
    It should be emphasized, in this connection, that pears attached to the tree ripen at a much lower rate than pears picked and allowed to stand in the orchard. In case pears cannot be placed under refrigeration immediately, they should be allowed to hang on the trees. It is a serious mistake for growers to assume that their crop is safe as soon as the fruit has been placed in boxes.
    It has been clearly shown that the practice of precooling immediately after picking prolongs the life of pears. In fact, precooling seem to be almost indispensable in the case of pears intended for the "long route" on the market. Precooling, however, is a costly practice, and there are times when the matter of economics enters in.
    Aside from the matter of keeping, precooling when applied to pears has other advantages. Pears that have been precooled are usually free from wilt upon arrival at eastern terminals and ripen in a more uniform manner than those that have not been precooled.
    Data collected from experimental lots and from commercial shipments during the past two years show that part of the trouble resulting from transit during hot weather can be avoided by storing the fruit for a month or so at the point of origin and shipping in late October or early November when lower temperatures prevail. Pears shipped at this time of the year often travel at practically storage temperatures, and the difference in temperature between the tops and bottoms of cars are hardly apparent. While this method of handling might not be practical for the entire crop, it at least offers possibility for lots of fruit intended for long keeping.
    Observations of the past two seasons indicate that pears held at 30 to 31 degrees F. keep better than those held at 32 degrees F. or higher. The core temperatures of pears in storage are usually 1½ degrees higher than that of the storage room itself. Pears do not freeze unless subjected to temperatures below 28 degrees F., for a considerable period of time, and at 30 to 31 degrees F. they are safe so long as the refrigeration is properly distributed within the rooms.
    In the case of plants using the direct expansion system of refrigeration, fans in the rooms are necessary to ensure air movement. This is desirable since both cold and warm air pockets are apt to be formed unless the air is kept constantly in motion.
    Relative humidities of at least 78 percent are necessary to prevent wilting of pears in storage.
    Pears in cold storage should be stacked in a manner that permits air circulation around each box. Space should be left between each stack, and whenever possible, each tier should be cleated. Ample space should be left between the top tiers and the ceiling of the rooms.
    The matter of improving the grade and pack of pears is, to a large extent, a grower problem. It is known among all horticulturists that pear trees as compared to other fruit trees produce a relatively large percentage of inferior fruits. At the same time, the pear industry has practically no byproducts to utilize such fruit, and as a consequence nearly all of the fruit that sticks to the trees in spring ultimately finds its way into the fancy or extra fancy grades.
    With the increased competition that pears must face in the future, it appears certain that pear growers will have to adopt a system of thinning that will ensure not only more desirable sizes, but that will eliminate, to a large extent, the misshapen and imperfect specimens. When properly done, thinning results in no decrease of of tonnage and adds practically nothing to the cost of production. Certainly it costs no more to clip off the imperfect specimens in spring than it does to pick them by hand in the fall and pay the cost of running them over washing machines and packing tables.
    Growers and shippers are generally aware of the fact that pears often fail to keep upon arrival at Eastern terminals. Anjou and Winter Nelis, in particular, often ripen and give evidence of breaking down long before their normal season is over. During the season of 1929-30, for example, at least 50 percent of the Anjou pears held in New York City were ripe and had to be moved in January regardless of market conditions. The situation was considerably improved during the season of 1930-31, but even in this case, many pears gave evidence of premature ripening.
    Many reasons have been advanced for the failure of pears to keep upon arrival in the East. It has been claimed, for example, that, in some years pears lack inherent keeping quality. Experimentation over a period of years, however, has shown that pears when properly handled keep well regardless of season and that inherent keeping quality is only of secondary importance.
    The claim that eastern storage plants are responsible for the situation, likewise, is not substantial if all the facts are taken into account. When a storage concern maintains satisfactory temperatures, satisfactory humidities, together with some circulation of the air in the rooms, it can hardly be blamed for the failure of fruit to keep. There have been individual cases in past seasons when improper storage did contribute to premature ripening, but it cannot be said that this is the general cause of the difficulty.
    Picking at the wrong time may influence the situation, but it is inconceivable that this factor alone is responsible for the trouble.
    Apparently two factors are largely responsible for the premature ripening of pears at eastern terminals: (1) delays in getting the fruit under refrigeration at harvest time; and (2) unfavorable transit conditions.
    To determine the condition of Bosc pears as they are being sold to consumers in New York City, surveys of retail establishments were made at intervals of about 10 days throughout the fall months of 1929. These included about 80 establishments such as fancy-fruit stands, outdoor stands--subway stands, pushcarts, public markets, and grocery stores--located in various parts of the city.
    The data collected in the above manner showed that during October and early November, while the prevailing temperatures were fairly high, about 90 percent of the Bosc pears offered for sale were ripe and in good condition for eating. After November 10th, however, when the weather became cool, most of the Bosc pears offered for sale were hard and immature. The figures show that over 91 percent of the Bosc sold during this period were practicably inedible. A few establishments such as the fruit stands in the subway stations, where the temperature is always fairly high, offered ripe Bosc pears throughout the season. A few fancy-fruit dealers, who conditioned the fruit, also offered good Bosc pears during most of the time, but these constitute only a small percentage of the retail trade of New York City.
    The situation was somewhat better in 1930. Weather conditions during the late fall months were more favorable for ripening, and a considerable number of cars were conditioned. Even in this case, however, the situation was far from satisfactory.
   These observations emphasize, in a practical way, the results of experimental evidence to the effect that Bosc pears require fairly high ripening temperatures. They will not ripen in cold storage or at low prevailing temperatures. It is true that this variety often takes on color at low temperatures, but the color change in such cases is not accompanied by mellowness or increased juiciness. It is only when ripening temperatures of 55 to 65 degrees F. are supplied that color and actual maturity develop simultaneously.
    Obviously the jobbers and retailers of New York and other eastern cities are not in position to condition Bosc pears. Practically none of these operators have storage space, and what little space they do have is usually subject to out-of-door temperatures and is, therefore, unsuitable for the purpose. Then, too, this space is generally used for the storage of other products and heating is out of the question.
    It must be remembered, also, that an unusually large number of individuals are engaged in the jobbing and retail trade, and even if space for ripening was available, it would be a tremendous task to teach this vast army the proper methods of conditioning Bosc pears.
    The possibility of educating the consumer to ripen Bosc pears before they are eaten offers some promise, but it must be admitted that many obstacles lie in the way of this program. When the average city consumer takes fruit home, he generally expects to use it immediately, and when he buys apples, grapes, bananas, and other fruits he usually finds them ready to eat at the time of purchase. Space is at a premium in the [omission] supply of foodstuffs can be kept on hand. Then, too, conditions in the average city home or apartment are not ideal for the ripening of Bosc pears. Foodstuffs as a rule are kept in iceboxes or under mechanical refrigeration, and Bosc pears will not ripen under these conditions. A program of education urging consumers to keep Bosc pears in their living rooms until ready to eat might accomplish results, but it must be admitted that this would be a tremendous task.
    The possibility of conditioning Bosc pears in the ripening rooms now used for bananas was given attention in the course of these investigations. It was found, however, that these rooms are now being used to full capacity and that they are generally unsuited for pears. In New York City, these are located in the jobbing district, some distance from the piers, and trucking to and from them prior to the auction sale is impossible under the present regulations and methods of handling fruit.
    It now appears that ripening or conditioning rooms for Bosc pears in New York City should be located on the main lines of travel between the classification yards and the piers. The large cold storage plants on the Jersey side of the Hudson River seem to be the logical location for such rooms. Not only can space and proper ripening conditions be provided at these places, but it is desirable that refrigeration space be within easy reach of the conditioning rooms. Owing to market or other conditions it may be necessary, at times, to return the fruit to cold storage after it has gone through the ripening process. This would be practically impossible if the conditioning rooms were located on the piers or at some distance from the cold storage plants.
    Many difficulties are encountered when one attempts to condition Bosc pears in carload lots at eastern terminals. While some headway has been made, it must be pointed out that many obstacles are still in the way and that much work remains to be done before the [perfect] conditioning process is finally reached.
    The first difficulty encountered is lack of suitable space. When operations began in New York City, in 1929, there was no space that could be given over to the ripening of pears. At the present time, however, space is available in New York and elsewhere, the storage concerns having spent considerable sums of money in equipping rooms for the purpose.
    A second obstacle is the attitude of the trade toward pears that have been conditioned. At present there is a distinct prejudice against pears that are ripe or that show signs of softening. In the case of Bosc, the trade desires color, but it desires the fruit to be hard. This prejudice must be overcome before conditioned Bosc pears will meet with full approval. A change of attitude on this matter can come only after dealers have learned that Bosc pears properly conditioned still have carrying quality and that sales are greater when the consumer receives a pear that is fit to eat.
    Lack of uniformity in the stock is also a serious obstacle to conditioning, in that some of the fruit in a car ripens and takes on color, while the remainder of the fruit stays green and hard. Several factors probably contributed to this condition. It is known, for example, that fruit in the top of the cars usually travels at a higher temperature than that in the bottom or other parts of the car. Fruit from the top tiers, therefore, would ripen faster in the ripening room than that from the lower tiers.
    Lack of uniformity in the stock may also result from the fact that fruit picked in the morning while cool may travel in the same car with warm fruit picked in the afternoon. Difference in temperature from this cause usually persists for some time in transit and naturally causes differences in the time of ripening at the receiving end. Trouble from this cause, however, can be eliminated to a considerable extent by prompt and efficient precooling shortly after picking.
    Lack of uniformity may result from variations in the treatment given after picking. It often happens, for example, that fruit from several growers is shipped in the same car. One grower's fruit may have stood around for several days before it is packed and shipped, while another grower's fruit may have been packed immediately. Even within the same grower's lot there may be wide variations in maturity due to the treatment given at harvest time.
    While differences in maturity [are] not usually apparent at the time of shipping, they become of prime importance when conditioning is attempted at eastern points, and something must be done to ensure greater uniformity of maturity in the stock.
    Bosc pears cannot be conditioned if held too long in cold storage. Anyone interested in the conditioning of Bosc pears must bear in mind that fruit which has been held in cold storage beyond its normal storage life cannot be conditioned. Such fruit usually scalds or turns black within a short time after it is placed in the ripening room. As a rule, Bosc pears which have developed full color in cold storage are past the stage when they can be successfully conditioned. Bosc pears which have been placed under refrigeration immediately after harvest and which have been held consistently at cold storage temperatures can usually be conditioned any time up to the first of January. On the other hand, Bosc pears which have been abused at harvest time and which have traveled across the country at high temperatures may break down in ripening rooms as early as Thanksgiving time.
    It is apparent from the experiences of the past two seasons that the conditioning of Bosc pears at eastern terminals will be accompanied only by concerted and organized action on the part of all concerned. Sporadic attempts by one or two individuals will never accomplish the desired results. Conditioning on a large scale will become a reality only when the shippers and distributors, all working together, decide that they will carry through a unified plan of action.
    Up to the present time there has been no unified effort to put into practice the knowledge that has been gained regarding the handling of Bosc pears so as to assure a satisfactory product to the consumer. It is true that individuals here and there have given the matter considerable attention, but their efforts have met with strenuous opposition. The pear industry, however, must bring about some improvement in the situation, or Bosc will continue to lose in popularity and will soon become a non-profitable variety.
    According to experimental evidence gathered over a period of years, the methods of handling Bosc pears so as to ensure quality can be summarized briefly as follows: At picking time, the fruit should be placed in cold storage as soon as possible at temperatures of 30 to 31 degrees F. At these temperatures, Bosc pears have a normal storage life of about 90 days. If removed from cold storage any time during this period and allowed to ripen at temperatures between 55 F. and 65 degrees F., they will develop the full flavor characteristic of the variety.
    Bosc pears should never be held for long at temperatures between 35 and 50 degrees F. While they will not ripen at these temperatures, they will soon reach the scalding stage and will turn black upon exposure to the air.
    Bosc pears that are shipped at harvest time and that are intended for long storage at eastern points should be precooled. As already indicated, precooling is desirable in the case of Bosc pears that are to be conditioned after removal from cold storage.
    When conditioned at a temperature of 55 degrees F., Bosc pears usually have better color than when they are conditioned at temperatures of 65 to70 degrees F.
    Although some of the other varieties might be improved by preripening and may ultimately be subjected to this treatment, conditioning for the present should be confined largely to Bosc, Bartlett, as a rule, is sold during warm weather and ripens nicely on its own accord. Anjou and Comice ripen at much lower temperatures that does Bosc, and while they are not as good in quality as when they are ripened at high temperatures, they meet the requirements of the trade fairly well. Then, too, these varieties when fully ripe are very susceptible to injury and do not stand the handling that comes subsequent to the auction sale. Winter Nelis, also, ripens at fairly low temperatures, and besides, this variety is largely sold in the spring of the year when the prevailing temperatures are high enough to ripen the fruit in a satisfactory manner.
    Judging from the appearance and quality of the fruit in the market during the past, two seasons, Medford pears are now generally picked at about the proper time. It is encouraging to note that headway has been made in this direction during recent years. Obviously, the pressure test of maturity, first applied to pears in the Rogue River Valley, has had a widespread effect in bringing this situation about.
    There are still some cases, however, wherein improvements in time of picking can be made. It is a mistake to pick the entire crop as soon as the fruit reaches the upper limits of the desirable pressure range. Rather, harvesting should be so timed that the last of the fruit will be picked about the time the pressure tester registers at the lower limits of the desirable range.
    The practice of harvesting Anjou ahead of Bosc, when the two are grown under like conditions, is wrong, and if practiced to any extent will react to the detriment of both varieties. Growers of Seckel should pay special attention to the matter of time of picking. As pointed out in the bulletins of the Oregon Experiment Station, Seckel has a comparatively short picking season.
Medford Mail Tribune, July 5, 1931, page B1


    This is the last half of Prof. Hartman's report on pear storage and marketing conditions in the East. The first half was published last Sunday.
    It is apparent even to the casual observer that pears present a special problem so far as packing injury is concerned. This is particularly true in the case of tender varieties such as Anjou and Comice. Packing materials which may cause no injury to apples or even to Bartlett or Bosc pears may, when used on Anjou and Comice, cause serious bruising  and discoloration.   
    To gain more information on the use of protective materials for pears, an experiment was conducted during the 1930-31 season. As a phase of this experiment test, boxes were prepared using the various pads and collars then in general use. To eliminate error as far as possible, the fruit for each series of boxes was taken from the same bin, was all packed by one packer and all the boxes were shipped together in the same car. Upon arrival in New York City, the test boxes were all stored together and toward the end of the season the fruit was carefully examined. A second phase of this experiment involved the use of cotton, moss, Vermiculite and other materials.
    Obviously, the results of this experiment cannot be accepted as the final word regarding pads, collars and other protective materials for pears. The results thus far obtained, however, at least indicate certain trends and should be of interest. A brief summary of the results follows:
   (1) In the case of varieties such as Anjou and Comice, packing injury is largely the result of friction and rubbing. Injury from pressure also occurs but this is secondary in importance. It is clear, therefore, that the tightness of the pack and the rigidity of the package are important factors in the prevention of packing injury.
   (2) There is a definite relationship between packing injury and the length of time the fruit has been in storage. Anjou pears removed after two or three months of storage usually show but a small amount of injury. The same fruit held in storage for five or six months, however, develop severe packing injury.
   (3) Packing injury is confined largely to the fruit that came into contact with the package itself. Attention must be directed, therefore, to the protection of the fruit at the sides, the top and the bottom.
   (4) To protect the fruit that came into contact with the package itself, a certain amount of padding or cushioning is necessary. It is apparent, however, that the cushioning material must be such that it retains its springiness throughout the transit and storage periods, and that it is free from lumps or ridges. Materials that break down as they become damp in storage are unsatisfactory.
   (5)  To ensure against cutting at the edges, the collars must extend above the edges of the box, and they must be made of substantial material. Beveling of the edges of the box at the sides and ends also aids in the elimination of cutting. The crown method of packing wherein the fruit is high at the center and comparatively low at the edges also affords protection against this form of injury.
   (6) Under the conditions of this experiment, pads and collars made of corrugated paperboard caused more or less marking and discoloration in the case of Anjou and Comice. They appeared to be satisfactory for varieties such as Bartlett and Bosc.
   (7) Excelsior pads and collars, whether made of wood or paper excelsior, caused some injury to tender varieties and lacked in attractiveness.
   (8) Full-depth chipboard collars, when made of fairly heavy material, afforded excellent protection at the edges and imparted an attractive appearance to the package. Due to the lack of cushioning, however, these collars resulted in some pressure bruising.  Chipboard pads were attractive in appearance, but did not afford sufficient protection.
   (9) Pads and collars made of crepe paper covered with paraffined paper proved to be quite satisfactory. Pressure and friction bruises were largely eliminated when these were used.
    (10) Pads made of cotton proved to be satisfactory, but may be impractical because of cost.
    (11) Individual specimens wrapped in cotton carried to destination in excellent condition and kept well in storage.
    (12) Anjou and Comice packed in Oregon moss carried nicely and kept well in storage but acquired a disagreeable taste and color.
    (13 Pears packed in spruce sawdust kept unusually well. The insulation properties of this material apparently afforded protection during the transit period. The method of packing pears in sawdust, however, appears to be of no practical value at this time.
    (14) Pears packed in "Vermiculite" kept fairly well, but this material seem to offer no special advantages.
    Two viewpoints must be taken into account when the matter of weight and bulge for pear boxes is considered: (1) the attitude of the trade; and (2) the carrying and keeping quality of the fruit.
    The trade in the large American cities generally desire a heavy, well-rounded pack in the case of standard boxes, and anyone who hopes to receive top prices must reckon with this fact. Buyers generally have a better feeling towards the brands that show full weight and high bulges. Obviously, one buys a great deal of good will with an extra pound or two of fruit, and the difference in price paid for heavy packs as against light packs shows that the grower or shipper is being well paid for the added weight.
    Shippers of fruits such as apples, grapefruit, oranges and even plums are taking advantage of the heavy pack method to gain favor for their brands, and pear shippers from the comparatively new districts are using it as a means of breaking into the trade.
    So far as injury to the fruit is concerned, it is surprising how well the so-called heavy packs carry. Tests carried on during the past two seasons shows that friction injury occurring from the rubbing and movement of the fruit in the package was considerably less in the case of the heavy packs than it was in the case of the light packs. It is true that some pressure injury results in the case of heavy packs, but the trade, as a rule, objects less to pressure injury than it does to friction injury.
    In considering the matter of weight and bulge, it must be remembered that pears, while in transit and storage, undergo a marked decrease in both weight and volume. Studies to determine the amount of shrinkage that may occur in pears show that some varieties may lose from eight to 15 percent of their weight and volume during the transportation and storage periods.
    It is obvious that partially ripened pears, or pears that have been weakened by long cold storage, cannot be handled without showing injury in the form of friction and pressure bruises. Such pears are apt to develop injury at all points of contact no matter how gently they are moved about. If pears in this condition are put over grading or washing equipment, or are subject to long hauls, they invariably show discoloration upon arrival in eastern markets. Toward the end of the season, even the pears stored in New York City may develop bruises following the short trip from the storage houses to the piers, or following trucking operations to various parts of the city. While this trouble is especially serious in the case of Anjou and Comice, it is common to all varieties of pears when they become weakened from old age.
    During severe winter weather, pears often arrive at their destination in a frozen condition, and the matter of handling frozen pears so that they will recover with the least amount of injury is of considerable importance.
    Freezing in transit is usually confined to the fruit in the lower tiers of boxes near the doorways. There are cases, however, when the fruit is frozen in all parts of the car.
    Experiments carried on during the past two years show that satisfactory recovery following freezing in pears is dependent primarily upon (1) the severity of the freezing, (2) the length of time the fruit remains frozen, (3) the maturity of the fruit at the time of freezing, and (4) the humidity conditions under which thawing occurs.
    When frozen for periods of one or two weeks at temperatures of 27 and 25 degrees Fahrenheit, pears usually recovered in a satisfactory manner. When frozen at these temperatures for periods of three to six weeks, however, they did not recover. Freezing at temperatures below 25 degrees Fahrenheit, even for short periods, resulted in complete breakdown with no recovery. The fruit that was firm and green at the time of freezing usually showed greater recovery than that which was ripe or partly ripe. The fruit that was permitted to thaw out at high humidities showed less wilting than did the fruit that was defrosted at low humidities. The temperature at which the fruit was defrosted did not seem to affect recovery.
    Good results were obtained by placing the frozen fruit in cold storage at 32 degrees Fahrenheit as soon as it arrived. In cold storage, high humidity is usually assured and conditions for recovery seem to be about as good as can be provided. If frozen pears do not recover in cold storage, it is safe to assume that no treatment known at the present time can save them. When placed in cold storage, frozen pears should be so arranged that air may circulate freely about the boxes. Pears while in a frozen condition are very susceptible to bruising and discoloration. For this reason they should be handled as carefully as possible.
    Wilting during transit and storage is still a factor of considerable importance in the handling of late pears. Bosc, Anjou and Winter Nelis frequently appear on the market in a wilted condition.
    Wilting in pears is due to excessive water loss following premature harvesting or storage at low humidities. In the case of Anjous, wilting occurs primarily in fruit that has been harvested too soon. This is especially noticeable in the fruit of the smaller sizes. Bosc, on the other hand, may wilt badly even when the fruit has been picked at the proper time.
    Observations of the past two seasons have shown that wilting in late pears frequently occurs during transit, particularly in the top tiers of boxes. This is especially true of the fruit shipped during warm weather. Fruit shipped during the winter or during the cool fall months seldom wilts in transit. Fruit that is precooled prior to shipping usually shows much less wilt upon arrival than that which has not been precooled. This is due largely to the fact that condensation occurs in the case of the precooled fruit and that the moisture added in this manner prevents loss of water from the fruit itself. Lowered temperatures due to precooling also ensure higher humidities throughout the car. Sprinkling of the inside of the car prior to loading aids in reducing wilt in transit during warm weather.
    Grey mold or "nest rot" is a serious disease of pears in storage. It is especially severe in the case of Anjous held past the middle of February. In fact, most of the adjustments made following late sales of Anjou are made because of gray mold and decay. While it is most serious in the case of Anjou, the trouble is also found in Winter Nelis and Patrick Barry.
    Gray mold is a fungus disease caused by species of Botrytis. It develops in both common and cold storage and spreads from decayed specimens to those that are sound. Nests of 15 or 30 decayed pears are frequently found.
    Following up the work begun by Dr. J. S. Cooley of the United States Department of of Agriculture, experiments on gray mold control were conducted during the past season. These involved the use of various chemically treated wraps as well as the use of materials that might act as physical barriers to the disease. The following summary gives briefly the results obtained:
    (1) Wraps treated with compounds of copper proved to be effective in preventing the spread of gray mold, the most satisfactory results being obtained with wraps containing 5.5 per cent copper sulphate (CuSO₄:5H₂O).
    (2) Wraps treated with compounds of calcium or compounds of sulfur proved to be ineffective.
    (3) Cotton wraps and cotton pads did not prevent the spread of the disease.
    (4) Cellophane wraps proved to be effective barriers to the spread of the disease, but the use of cellophane wraps for pears cannot be recommended until further experimental work has been done.
    (5) The results last season with commercial shipments of Anjou pears packed in copper-treated wraps were generally satisfactory.
   (6) Injury from copper-treated wraps may occur when the fruit is excessively wet at packing time. Small amounts of moisture apparently result in no injury. In the case of washed fruit, however, drying equivalent to that done by the blower type of machine is necessary. Moisture such as results from condensation in transit or in storage apparently causes no copper injury.
    (7) Copper-treated wraps are still largely in the experimental stage, and their general use cannot be recommended at this time. To build up a background of practical information, however, it would be well for each shipper to pack some fruit in copper-treated wraps this year.
    In past seasons, Golden Nelis pears have often developed a form of internal browning shortly after removal from cold storage. This trouble is usually characterized by a brownish discoloration of the core area. The flesh is usually dry and pithy in texture, and the fruit fails to ripen normally upon removal to a warm room.
    Tests carried on during the past season indicate that this trouble is definitely associated with the length of time the fruit has been held in cold storage. When held in cold storage for periods of two and three months, the fruit ripens normally upon removal to a ripening room. When held in cold storage for periods of five and six months, however, the fruit usually developed the trouble in typical form. Obviously, Golden Nelis is a fairly short-lived variety, and its keeping quality is not to be compared with that of Winter Nelis or other late-season pears.
    "Pinhole" rot of Winter Nelis is caused by certain species of blue mold, (Penicillium), the organism apparently gaining entrance through the lenticels (breathing pores) of the fruit. The disease usually makes its appearance shortly after the fruit comes out of cold storage. The early stages are characterized by minute decay spots which appear at various places on the surface. The number of spots per specimen may vary from one to as many as 25 or 30. As the disease progresses, the spots increase in size. In the final stages the fruit becomes entirely decomposed, and the bluish or green fruiting bodies, characteristic of blue mold, appear.
    Pinhole rot is found in Winter Nelis pears from all districts. It occurs in both washed and unwashed fruit, and while the disease is occasionally found in other varieties, it is chiefly confined to Winter Nelis.
    In some years, pinhole rot is a serious handicap to the sale of Winter Nelis pears. While no figures are available as to the amount of loss caused by this disease, it is safe to assume that during the season of 1929-30 it depreciated the value of the Winter Nelis tonnage by at least one dollar per box.
    While investigations have been in progress for some time, no positive and definite method of control for pinhole rot has been discovered. It has been found, however, that the disease is less severe in the case of fruit that is maintained in a hard green condition while in cold storage, and that is ripened quickly upon removal. In the case of fruit that is stored immediately after picking at 30 degrees to 32 degrees Fahrenheit, and then is ripened at 65 degrees Fahrenheit, practically no pinhole rot occurs. This apparently is due to the fact that the disease makes but little headway in hard-green fruit, and that by quick ripening at the end of the storage period, the fruit goes into consumption before the disease gets under way. Pinhole rot is most severe in fruit that is subjected to slow and gradual ripening.
    Pear scald is a physiological disease of pears in storage. Pears that have reached the "scalding" stage, break down rapidly upon removal from cold storage. The skin of such pears turns brown, a foul odor is developed and breakdown at the core may occur. Scalded pears are practically inedible and have no commercial value. Work done by Harley and Fisher shows that scald in pears is accompanied by an accumulation of the substance known as acetaldehyde.
    As already indicated, scald in pears occurs chiefly in fruit that has been held in cold storage past its normal life. In reality, it is an old age disease of pears. In this connection, however, it must be remembered that old age in pears is not entirely a matter of periods of time. Pears that are abused at harvest time or that are shipped under unfavorable temperature conditions may reach old age and may scald weeks or months ahead of pears that have been properly handled.
    The particular trouble described here as Anjou scald was first noticed by the author in 1928. Since that time, commercial and experimental lots of Anjou pears have frequently developed the disease, especially when the fruit has been held for several months in cold storage. Usually it is found in fruit held after February 1. It does not occur in fruit that is ripened shortly after picking.
    The trouble, as a rule, does not appear while the fruit is at low temperatures, but develops very quickly when the fruit is removed to a warm situation. This is especially true when removal to high temperatures is accompanied by removal of the wraps. It is not uncommon for Anjou pears to be completely scalded within 24 hours following this treatment.
    Although the fact is not entirely established, it appears that Anjou pear scald and common pear scald are distinct troubles. Common pear scald, as already indicated, results in discoloration and sloughing of the skin. A foul odor is usually present and the fruit becomes practically inedible. Anjou pear scald, on the other hand, results in brownish or dark discoloration, which distracts materially from the appearance of the fruit, but this is not accomplished by sloughing of the skin, nor is it accompanied by odors or impaired eating quality. In this respect, it is similar to apple scald.
    While Anjou scald has been confined largely to Anjou pears from the Rogue River Valley, it has appeared at times in fruit from the Hood River Valley and elsewhere.
    Early observations on Anjou scald show that the trouble occurs under a wide range of conditions. In past years, it has occurred in both washed and unwashed fruit. It has occurred in precooled fruit and also in fruit that is not precooled. It has occurred in fruit held constantly at 32 degrees Fahrenheit during the cold storage period, and it has occurred in fruit held for varying periods at 29 degrees, 30 degrees and 31 degrees Fahrenheit. It has occurred in fruit that was frozen for varying periods of time. It has occurred in fruit sprayed with oil during the growing season, and it has occurred in fruit that received only the customary applications of arsenate of lead.
    During the season of 1930-31, an experiment was conducted to ascertain the effect of certain chemically treated wraps on the development of Anjou scald. The experiment was started on September 9 with several boxes of Anjou pears, all taken from a single tree at Medford. Immediately after picking, the fruit was packed in standard box lots and the following treated wraps were used:
    Lot 1. An oiled-paper wrap containing 18.2 percent oil as determined by Fisher's method.
    Lot 2. A copper-oil paper wrap containing 18.1 percent oil and 1.4 percent copper, equivalent to 5.5 percent copper sulphate (CuSO₄:5H₂O). This particular wrap was originally prepared for use in tests on gray mold rot. The copper-sulphate content was only incidental to the experiment on Anjou scald.
    Lot 3. A plain paper wrap which had been dipped in a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide and dried in the sun.
    Lot 4. A plain paper wrap of the type commonly used for pears.
    After packing, the fruit was stored at Medford at 31 degrees Fahrenheit until the first week in December, when it was shipped to New York City under "standard refrigeration." Upon arrival in New York City, it was again stored at 31 degrees Fahrenheit. On December 22, one-half of the test boxes were removed to a ripening room, where the fruit was allowed to reach maturity at a temperature of 65 degrees Fahrenheit. On April 2, the remaining boxes were placed in the ripening room and the fruit allowed to ripen at 65 degrees Fahrenheit as in the case of the former lots.
    From the data obtained in the foregoing manner, it appears that oiled wraps have a marked influence on the development of Anjou scald. In fact, under the conditions of this experiment, Anjou scald was entirely prevented by the use of these wraps. In the case of the fruit packed in plain wraps and in the wraps treated with calcium hydroxide, scald began developing a few hours following removal from cold storage. With the oiled wraps, however, the fruit remained free from scald even to the time when it was breaking down from over-maturity. Even in cases where the wraps were taken off upon removal from cold storage, the fruit from the oiled wraps remained free from scald to the end.
    The fruit removed from cold storage on December 22 did not develop scald. This was true of the fruit in plain wraps as well as that in oiled wraps. Apparently, it had not reached the scalding stage at this time.
    Just how much oil needs to be incorporated in the wraps to prevent Anjou pear scald was not determined by this experiment. As already indicated, the oiled wraps used contained approximately 18 percent oil. It is possible that similar results can be obtained with wraps containing less oil, but more experimentation is needed before this can be assumed.
    The possibility of deleterious effects from the use of oiled wraps on pears needs to be considered carefully before these wraps can be generally recommended for pears. This is especially true since it is known that respiratory activities of pears in storage can be influenced by the presence of oil or waxy materials. So far as the present experiment is concerned, no deleterious effects appeared that could be definitely charged to oiled wraps. The fruit in all cases ripened in a natural manner and developed normal color. For several years past, shippers of pears have used oiled wraps from time to time, and there appears to be no prejudice against the practice in commercial circles.
    Since copper-treated wraps are now coming into use for the control of gray mold rot, the desirability of using a combination of oil-copper wrap, which could be effective against both gray mold and Anjou scald, is obvious. As already indicated, such a paper was used in the present experiment with the result that both diseases were effectively controlled. Attempts are now being made to perfect a commercial oil-copper wrap. While the matter is still in the experimental stage, the results thus far obtained are promising.
    Final recommendations regarding the use of oiled wraps for the control of Anjou pear scald cannot be made at this time, but the use of these wraps in a limited way appears to be justified, particularly in the case of Anjou pears from the Rogue River Valley. While it is not recommended that entire crops of this variety be packed with oiled wraps this year, a number of cars so treated would afford the opportunity to observe the results under commercial handling methods. In this connection, it would be well, also, to try in a limited way the oil-copper wraps, if wraps of this kind can be obtained in time for the present season.
    The particular trouble described here is fairly definite and positive in its symptoms. In all cases the specimens affected have a glassy, waterlogged appearance from the outside. Upon cutting, it is found that waterlogging is confined to certain fairly definite locations. Usually a layer of it is found beneath the epidermis, involving several layers of cells in the outer portion of the fleshy torus. Frequently, there is waterlogged tissue within the core area. The remaining portion of the torus, for the most part, is dry and pithy and in advanced stages may crack open, leaving large, vacant spaces. Pears displaying the symptoms of this trouble often remain in an unchanged state for several weeks. They seem to be more or less resistant to decay, and they do not undergo normal breakdown from over-maturity. In all cases, however, the fruit is inedible and has no commercial value.
    The present trouble first came to the attention of the author in Bartlett pears from the crop of 1926. These pears had been in cold storage for several weeks and a loss of approximately five percent occurred. In 1927, the trouble was again encountered in a lot of Washington Anjou pears that had been in cold storage for several months. The troubles again came to attention in 1928 when a loss of about three percent was reported in Bartlett pears held for canning purposes at Vancouver, Wash., and when a car of Washington Bartlett pears developed upon arrival in Texas. In 1930, a shipment of Bartlett pears from Medford developed typical symptoms of the trouble after about six weeks of cold storage.
    In all the foregoing cases, the trouble was noted only after the fruit had been removed from cold storage, and it was impossible to ascertain the exact conditions under which it had developed. All the early attempts to produce the trouble under known conditions resulted in failure. Neither holding the fruit in high concentrations of carbon dioxide nor freezing it for short periods produced any of the symptoms.
    Experiments based on the theory that the trouble might be due to long-continued freezing in storage were conducted during the past season. Several boxes of Anjou pears of uniform grade and size were selected for the work. These were of three stages of maturity: (1) green and firm; (2) partly ripened; and (3) in prime condition, ready for eating. After arrangement into convenient lots, fruit of each stage of maturity was subjected to freezing temperatures of 27 degrees, 23 degrees and 10 degrees Fahrenheit. At intervals of forty-eight hours, one week, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks, fruit from each lot was removed from the various cold rooms and was defrosted at a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Examinations of the fruit were made from time to time.
    As a result of the foregoing experiments, the trouble was definitely produced when the fruit remained frozen in storage for comparatively long periods at temperatures slightly below the freezing point of pears. When frozen for short periods; namely, forty-eight hours, one week and two weeks at temperatures of 27 degrees and 23 degrees Fahrenheit, the fruit usually recovered fairly well and did not develop the trouble. When frozen at these temperatures for periods of four weeks and six weeks, however, the fruit developed the trouble in typical form. This was true of all the fruit regardless of its degree of maturity at the beginning of the experiments. The fruit frozen at 10 degrees Fahrenheit all broke down immediately after thawing, the tissue becoming watery and discolored without developing the glassed or waterlogged condition.
    The data obtained here may well account for the occurrence of the trouble in past years. Pears are frequently held in cold storage for several weeks or several months. Even the Bartlett variety is often held under refrigeration for periods of six to eight weeks or longer. At the same time, freezing at temperatures slightly below the freezing point may occasionally occur even in well-managed storage plants. Especially is this true in the case of refrigeration systems that do not provide for the movement of air within the rooms.
    From the results of these experiments, it cannot be assumed that long-continued freezing is the only cause of the trouble in question. While long-continued freezing did produce the trouble in typical form, the experiments did not completely dispose of the possibility of other causal agents.
    Occasionally lots of Rogue River Bosc pears fail to develop proper color upon arrival on the market. Cases of this kind were especially prevalent during the past season. Bosc pears displaying this condition are often referred to as "slate-colored" Bosc by the trade in New York City.
    In some cases, at least, lack of color in Bosc is merely due to the fact that the fruit is still too immature at the time of sale. There are cases, on the other hand, where the fruit actually reaches eating condition without developing the golden or bronze color characteristic of the variety. Experiments with fruit of this latter classification show that improvement in color can be brought about by delaying the time of picking for several days and by conditioning the fruit at eastern terminals at temperatures of about 55 degrees Fahrenheit instead of the customary 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
    In the course of these investigations, the author received valuable aid from many individuals and agencies, such as the aid of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, in the preparation and shipment of the experimental lots of fruit; the storage concerns of New York City, particularly the Merchants Refrigeration Company, and the Union Terminal & Cold Storage Company, in the donation of space and the construction of special facilities for the work; the eastern pear distributors, particularly the New York Pear Company; the Erie & Pennsylvania railways; Pacific Fruit Express; the auction companies of New York City; the trucking concerns of New York City; the Medford Winter Pear Committee, Inc., many growers and shippers of Medford, particularly Southern Oregon Sales, Inc., Pinnacle Packing Corporation, and E. W. J. Hearty & Company; the Oregon State Agricultural College and the Oregon agricultural experiment station, in looking after the author's duties during his absence.
    Relations with these agencies were indeed pleasant, and the author takes this opportunity to express his appreciation of the many courtesies and acts of kindness extended during the entire time.
Medford Mail Tribune, July 12, 1931, page B1


    The nearness of the pear harvesting season is brought to mind by the fact that testing of pears for maturity by means of the pressure tester will start in the county agent's office July 20, according to an announcement today by County Agent L. P. Wilcox.
    This service is free and the pear growers, he says, can well afford to make use of this means to determine approximately their picking dates.
    The pressure test used in making maturity determination was worked out by the Oregon Experiment Station and is considered the most reliable method of telling when they should be picked in order to obtain maximum quality, he further relates, and then gives the following directions to the growers:
    "Select 10 or 12 specimens of healthy, normal fruit coming from several trees, so that the sample will represent an average for the entire crop. This should be done in the early morning while the fruit is cool. Bring the sample in for testing as soon after picking as possible. The test will then tell you where you stand."
Medford Mail Tribune, July 16, 1931, page 3


    David Rosenberg, president of the Pacific Pear Council, gave a report at the luncheon meeting of the Rogue Valley Traffic Association today in which he stated that the Medford district is backing the plan to advertise the winter pears by an assessment on each box marketed. A strong percentage of local growers have signed and still others are coming into the group, he said.
    California growers will not join the advertising movement this year, according to communication from that section read today. It was pointed out that many Northwest growers feel California should not join anyhow as there is little in common between the Northwest pears and those produced in that section.
    Several of the growers present said that they were not selling cull pears to the local cannery as they felt this was injurious to the pear market in general. A local cannery, it is understood, had contracted to buy cull Bartletts from two packing plants for canning.
    The matter of sending a representative of the local fruit growing industry to Portland for the forthcoming hearing on the proposed 15 percent freight increase. This was referred to the executive committee.
    Other business concerned largely the packing season and market conditions of this and other pear growing districts.
Medford Mail Tribune, July 30, 1931, page 6


    Picking and packing of the Bartlett pear crop of the Rogue River Valley started this morning in the packing plants and orchards and will be in full swing by mid-week, when it is estimated that 5000 men, women and children will be engaged in all the allied work of the fruit industry. Most of the packing houses started this morning. The Pinnacle plant started this afternoon, and the Kimball company will start tomorrow.
    A majority of the packing plants and orchards are employing valley help, and there is less transient labor than in any previous fruit season. The Rogue River Traffic Association, embracing most of the plants, recently went on record for the employment of home labor, as far as possible.
   The heat of the past week and the drought of the past year has affected the sizing of the pears in some sections. Reports from California today indicated that the crop there would be less than 60 percent of last season, and a brisker tone was predicted in eastern markets.
    It is expected that the first full train of Bartletts for eastern markets will be dispatched the end of the week. Small blocks of Bartletts, for export shipment, were scheduled to depart this evening and tomorrow. The first pack will go into cold storage here, for loading the latter part of the week.
    There have been no purchases of cannery Bartletts locally the past three or four days, but reports from the Wenatchee and Yakima sections indicated some activity, with the prices ranging from $27.50 to $37.50 per ton for extra fancy and fancy grades, and down to $10 for the smaller sizes and lower grades.
Medford Mail Tribune, August 3, 1931, page 2


    The reason why pears have held up in price during the 1931 depression, while practically every known commodity and product price has gone down, has not yet been satisfactorily explained and probably never will be.
    The most common explanation locally has been the short crop--the old inescapable law of supply and demand. That the short supply has been a factor no one denies, but that it has been the only--or even the dominant--factor has been seriously challenged.
    The basis for this challenge lies in the fact that the supply of pears thrown on the New York market this year compared with last, during the month of November, averaged only two cars less--a decrease of less than 10 percent. Yet while pears a year ago brought red ink--sometimes buckets of it--they have not only brought black ink this year, but as a whole, excellent profits.
    What is the cause of this sensational--and very gratifying--situation? Well, several leading orchardists in this valley who have studied the situation carefully, are convinced that the fact that this condition has existed the first time that pear advertising in New York City has been carried on upon a large scale is not a mere coincidence.
    They believe, in other words, that this advertising, while not entirely responsible, probably has been as potent as any other factor in putting the pear market up and keeping it there. Some even claim it has been entirely responsible, calling attention to the fact that in essential elements the only difference in the New York market this year over last, was the advertising carried on in New York City, and this, therefore, must be the determining cause of turning a disastrous market into a successful one--the only market of the kind in the entire economic field.
    That as it may be, there is no doubt that the value of advertising has been given a tremendous boost by the 1931 experience, and that stronger support from individual growers to the Northwest advertising than ever before is certain in 1932. The pear growers of Washington and Hood River did not need to be sold on the value of advertising, for they knew the sensational success of the apple growers' advertising campaign, but local orchardists did have to be--and many of them stayed out this past year, waiting to be shown.
    In the opinion of local members of the Washington-Oregon pear advertising bureau they have been shown and eastern pear advertising will go full steam ahead next year, as never before.
Medford Mail Tribune, December 6, 1931, page 1


    So much interest has been aroused among local orchardists, by the article in Sunday's Mail Tribune setting forth the effect of the eastern advertising campaign on the New York pear market, and there have been so many inquiries as to just what that campaign consisted of that the following facts concerning it are given herewith.
    The first advertising consisted of large colored posters placed in elevated trains and stations in New York City, enumerating the virtues of the Bosc "old gold outside, sugared sunshine inside" window strips were also placed in the retail fruit stores, and large display ads were run in the New York City dailies and in some of the leading Jewish papers. Also arrangements were made whereby the unemployed in the city were licensed to sell pears as well as apples on the street corners.
    This general advertising was followed up by 2000 personal calls on the trade in Chicago and 3000 in New York, the dealers being given the lowdown on pears, urged to stock them in larger quantities, and particular stress being laid upon the necessity of putting them on sale when ready to eat--not trying to sell hard green pears, and of course discarding overripe ones. This personal contact feature of the campaign is believed to have been particularly successful.
    The Oregon-Washington bureau now plans to run a specially attractive pear ad in the American Restaurant magazine, known as the "chefs' bible," and taken by practically every chef in the larger cities of the United States. These ads will contain halftones of various attractive pear dishes, and the publisher has also agreed to write an editorial urging the more extensive use of this succulent and delicious fruit.
    The bureau is also now preparing a retailers' manual on pears similar to the retailers' manual on apples, which made such a hit with the trade when it was first issued. This manual will have illustrations in color of all the leading types of pears, with detailed advice as to proper care and display, methods of ripening and the best seasons for each variety.
    For a first year's effort it is believed this is most inclusive and extensive advertising campaign ever carried on for the promotion of the consumption of any single fruit, and at a remarkably low cost to the individual producer.
Medford Mail Tribune, December 9, 1931, page 1


    The shot heard round the world has little on the shot that Will Rogers recently gave Medford regarding his inability to see a pear when he spent several hours here when forced down on an air flight from Los Angeles to Vancouver to catch a boat for Japan.
    Rogers made a real story out of this incident, and it was published in every state of the union. During the past two weeks, the Mail Tribune has literally been flooded with clippings from all points of the compass, containing the "no pears today" feature. Many of them were illustrated by home paper artists and were undoubtedly read by hundreds of thousands of people who probably never heard of Medford, Oregon before, but now know it is the country's most famous "pear city."
    Incidentally, the humorist's claim that he couldn't even get a sight of a pear, much less eat one, during his three-hour stop in this city, has aroused H. E. Marsh, pioneer grocery man, and justly so.
    For Mr. Marsh for many years has made a window display specialty of local pears during the holidays and has shipped Christmas boxes of them to all parts of the world. He has done the same thing this year, and had Mr. Rogers walked down Main Street, he would have seen more pears than he could have eaten in 20 years.
    However, if present plans materialize, no prominent visitor will be able to stop here during the fall and winter without being presented with some of Medford's famous fruit, and there will be permanent displays at the Chamber of Commerce and tourist registration station, so that all who pass through may see some of the pears that have made Medford and the Rogue River Valley famous.
Medford Mail Tribune, December 23, 1931, page 10


    The most significant fact of 1931, from the standpoint of this valley, was:
    HIGHER AVERAGE PRICES WERE PAID FOR PEARS THAN FOR ANY OTHER PRODUCT OF THE SOIL IN THIS COUNTRY.
    With agricultural and horticultural products in general falling far below 1930, in many cases reaching new record lows for the present decade--
    Prices secured for local pears in 1931 were 100 percent better than in 1930, and returned profits comparing favorably with the best years in recent history.
    The precise cause for this gratifying and surprising situation has, as far as we know, not been determined. The explanation most generally accepted is the short crop. Yet statistics show that in the New York market, which determines the national price, the average daily sales in November of 1931 were only two cars less than in the year before.
    Perhaps the inauguration of the eastern pear advertising campaign had something to do with it; perhaps a shortage in other competing fruits, during the peak of the season,  was an important factor.
    Whatever the exact cause, the fact remains that during the depression year of 1931, good prices for pears were not only established at the outset, but in spite of declines in all other food products, were consistently maintained.
    For all of which let us be duly thankful, and let us hope that in the coming year of 1932, our most important industry may do as well.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 1, 1932, page 4


    A special stunt to bring increased advertising to the Medford pear in Chicago has been arranged for the meeting in the eastern city of the national convention of the Civic Music Association, it was announced today.
    Wm. F. Isaacs, who leaves tonight to represent the Southern Oregon branch at the convention, will take with him many pear booklets and other literature, telling the story of Medford and the pear industry.
    At the banquet of all delegates to be held in the Palmer House, he will present the booklets and some fresh Medford pears, to be donated by the Palmer corporation. Mr. Isaacs is also on the program for a short talk, subject of which will be pears "and pears."
Medford Mail Tribune, January 7, 1932, page 8


    Advertising of Winter Nelis and D'Anjou pears in the eastern market centers started this week, it was stated at a meeting of the Rogue River Traffic Association. Heretofore, the advertising effort has been centered in Boscs, which have practically all been sold at what was called "satisfactory prices." Future advertising efforts will be centered on the sale of D'Anjous and Nelis. Eight to ten cars of these varieties are sold daily in New York.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 7, 1932, page 8


    The local food stores have stocked their shelves with really high-class Medford pears, in order to give our own housewives the opportunity to grace their tables with the choicest of our home products. The Comice variety is just at its best at this time. Half boxes are being offered in the extra fancy pack, in sizes 40 to 50. Small orders retail at three pounds for a quarter, or five cents each for single pears. Such pears in New York City retail at from 10 to 15 cents each.
    These pears are ripened as nearly as possible so as to be ready for use when purchased from the store. The ripening of pears is a simple matter when it is understood that the ripening nature of a pear is exactly opposite that of an apple. The apple is juicy when immature and becomes more and more mealy as it ripens, while a pear is mealy when immature and becomes more and more juicy as it ripens. The Comice pear ripens perfectly by just being kept a few days in a moderately warm room until it passes the firm or mealy stage and becomes juicy, and when ready to eat it is considered by many the choicest of all fruits.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 8, 1932, page 3


    PORTLAND, Aug. 18.--(AP)--The first shipment of fresh pears to be dispatched by boat from Portland this season left here Wednesday on the British motorship Pacific Ranger, destined for London and Liverpool.
    The pears originated in Medford, Hood River and Yakima. A second shipment was being loaded today on the Norwegian motorship Heranger, which sails for Havre, Antwerp and Rotterdam. The Loch Katrine of the North Pacific Coast Line will load pears in Portland next week.
    The greatest precaution against exposing the precooled pears to warmer temperatures is taken in loading them into the refrigerator compartments of the big ships. The pears are chilled before loading, and as the boxes are moved to the side of the boats by a speedy lift truck they are protected by lead covers. A hatch tent is spread aboard so the loads are shaded from the sun.
Medford Mail Tribune, August 18, 1932, page 1


    "Medford is rapidly losing its reputation for first-quality pears," declared Dr. Henry Hartman before an audience of pear growers and shippers at the courthouse Saturday afternoon. "The Hood River D'Anjou is taking the place with the trade formerly occupied by Medford pears," he said. However, Mr. Hartman further explained that this did not represent so great a loss of quality locally, as it did that Hood River had raised their grades in a few years.
    Of course Medford growers did not have to be told that pears are not selling. But Dr. Hartman, in the employ of the Northwest Pear Council, has just returned from the big eastern markets with first-hand information and he gave his observations.
    Low purchasing power of the public, pears still a luxury, 20 percent more pears in storage than a year ago, too much "junk" going east, limitation of credit affecting jobbers, demoralized condition of all fruit markets, weather unfavorable and curtailed foreign markets were component parts of the picture he had to present. Bosc pears are still going to the consumer in an inedible condition, he stated. One hundred cars of Boscs are still in storage, which should not have been withheld so long to the detriment of quality.
    On the other hand he was of the opinion that D'Anjous should do better in the short time remaining because lower grades are off the market. In response to a question whether Medford "shipped all the junk?" Dr. Hartman said, "No, but they contributed their share, and it was not distributed among all the packing houses."
    "The trade wants a D'Anjou with no rust whatever. We may argue all we want to that quality is unimpaired, but if it will not bring the money, why ship them? The Bosc can have a little russet, but heavy russeting depreciates its value. The fancy grade in all varieties is probably not adhered to rigidly enough."
    Dr. Hartman declared he is skeptical of all schemes to limit tonnage, and that the grower can never do much to increase the selling price of pears after they are out of his hands.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 15, 1933, page 1


    Ed. Note: The following discussion of storage and transportation tests made with Rogue River Valley pears was given at the January 28 meeting of the Fruit Growers League of Jackson County by Edwin Smith, horticulturist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, in charge of transportation and storage in the Pacific Northwest:
    In making investigations of fruit in storage and transportation it is of very great importance to start with the fruit in the orchard and have a complete history of its treatment until it is ready for consumption. Very often variations in handling pears between picking and precooling have a greater influence on their storage or transportation qualities than variations of temperature or other factors during the period of storage or transport. We have been very fortunate this year in being able to have Mr. Chas. Powell in Medford during the period of harvest not only to give special attention to the selection and storage of lots from the experimental plots at the Medford Experiment Station but also to select pears for shipping and transportation tests.
    Reduced appropriations for transportation tests caused us during 1932 to use shipping tests more than the more expensive transportation tests, where representatives accompany the freight trains. With shipping tests recording thermometers are placed in experimental boxes of fruit. At Medford these have been placed in the care by Mr. Powell and recovered and observed in New York by either C. O. Bratley or J. S. Wiant, who are stationed there by the Department of Agriculture to make similar studies with fruit received from all parts of the United States.
    Following our investigational work in California, a saving to the citrus growers of from $35.00 to $40.00 per car was made with precooled fruit having but one re-icing in transit, instead of the regular standard refrigeration. Following up this character of work in the Northwest, we have been investigating the shipment of Bosc pears with less icings in transit. Some savings have already been effected through shipping with initial ice instead of standard refrigeration and, later in the season, in shipping without ice in transit, instead of with initial icing.
    One of the greatest promises of transportation savings during 1932 was associated with the water transportation of pears through the Panama Canal to New York City. Under the existing railroad rates the shipment of pears on the chartered steamer Carrillo in October saved the Hood River growers approximately 23¢ per box, making a total saving on the one shipload of about $20,000. When it was certain that this shipment would be made, the Hood River growers asked the Department of Agriculture to place an investigator on the ship with equipment to record temperatures in various parts of the holds with the special equipment which the government has available for just such work.
    Immediately it was known that this work might be undertaken, steps were taken to set aside sample boxes of pears from the same orchard picked and stored the same day. Some of these test boxes of pears were distributed in various parts of the ship and others were shipped overland in refrigerator cars with recording thermometers during the normal shipping season and recovered and held for storage in New York City alongside the similar test boxes carried in the ship via the Panama Canal.
    The test boxes of pears are being withdrawn and ripened at New York during the winter. Although the critical test will be at the end of the storage season, at the present time results of this work indicate that the shipment of pears by water was successful and records and observations made in connection with the work will be of great assistance in making even more successful shipments in future years.
    One of the shipping problems with Medford pears is connected with winter shipments and how to save that money lost from pears being frozen or from pears being made over-ripe through the application of heat to prevent freezing. Adequately to do this work requires accompanying the train to take temperatures and regulate the application of heat across the continent. Through the cooperation of the Medford shippers and transcontinental railroads, the Department of Agriculture did this during the months of December 1931 and 1932.
    The transportation trip made during December 1932 was a most interesting one on account of the extremely low atmospheric temperatures encountered. We had two days of zero weather before leaving the state of California, and out of eleven days to New York seven days witnessed the mercury going below zero with a minimum of 34 below at Evanston, Wyoming.
    Reference to the temperature charts will show that we made observations on a car under the Carrier's Protective (heater) Service, a car where a minimum amount of heat was applied to protect the load, according to the temperatures inside the car; two cars where building paper was used about the load, with straw stuffed beneath the floor racks and along the side walls; a car with a mixture of mill shavings and sawdust beneath the floor racks and along the walls to the height of the bottom layer of boxes, which are first to freeze; and a car with wet shavings and sawdust beneath the floor racks and with bags of the same wet material in the bunkers and between the bracings at the doorway.
    Of the additional protective measures to prevent freezing the wet shavings and sawdust were outstanding. This car had but one heater lighted a total of 55 hours while the other cars had heaters lighted a total of from 100 to 125 hours, and still it protected the bottom layer of fruit surprisingly well. When unloaded two days after arrival in New York no ice crystals were found in the fruit from this car. Although unquestionably some of the pears must have been frozen near the doorway and at the bunkers on the floor of the car, only a slight shriveling in an occasional Comice gave any evidence of injury. The test seems very conclusive that the latent heat of fusion in freezing the water at 32 degrees in the material beneath the floor racks, as well as in bunkers and between bracing, had much to do in protecting the pears from freezing, as pears freeze at between 28 and 29 degrees.
    Very little freezing damage was observed in the cars under regular heat. The boxes along the walls and at doorway and bunker on the floor in the car with minimum heat had an average of 16 percent of the pears frozen.
    The use of straw and paper as well as the dry shavings and sawdust gave some protection at the outset, but when outside temperatures dropped below zero the bottom layer of pears began to freeze in these cars. The dry shavings and sawdust gave a performance slightly leas effective than the straw and paper but at a very much less cost. If future tests with wet shavings and sawdust substantiate the findings in the test of December we will have found a supplementary protection very much more effective than straw and paper at a saving of some $10.00 or $12.00 per car. This means of protection also will embody the advantage of being able to apply heat in cases of extreme weather such as we encountered. The paper and straw method of loading shuts off the circulation of heat so that when heaters are used it is difficult to have it affect the temperature in the bottom layer of boxes.
    The December test carried test boxes of pears from the various plots at the Medford Experiment Station. These pears along with test boxes of Howell, Comice, and Bosc were under observation before and after ripening following their hazardous trip to New York. Pears which froze badly on this trip recovered to a surprising degree. Bosc pears which were frozen solid recovered and ripened with satisfactory quality and texture excepting those pears having bad bruises, where sunken areas appeared. Anjou pears seem more inclined to show shriveling following severe freezing.
    Providing sufficiently cold weather prevails during the next ten days, additional observations will be made between Wenatchee and New York, during which we hope again to test methods of protection developed during December on our test out of Medford. If they prove as effective upon repetition, we shall feel that the winter work of 1932 represents progress of very practical application in solving the problem of winter pear shipments, the solution of which means real savings to the growers of the Rogue River Valley and of the Northwest generally.
Medford Mail Tribune, January 30, 1933, page 8


    Pears belong to the group of foodstuffs and commodities which must be classed as non-necessities. Millions of people, who have no income and other millions, having a diminished income, cannot buy pears. We have therefore an underconsumption of pears.
    American industry is based to at least 60 percent on non-necessities. The producer of such non-necessities can expect a return to normal consumption only, provided we are able to reestablish normal wages and earning power.
    The pear grower is worse off than the manufacturer of non-necessities. The latter begins the cycle by laying off a number of men or closing his factory altogether and reduces in this way at once the sales for non-necessities. The orchardist has to go on, willingly or unwillingly, to produce pears and more pears than he can sell. Even in "depression time" the trees grow, must be cared for and produce even more pears. The perishable character of the fruit, the careful packing required for marketing pears over a large area, especially in the West, entailing a distributing cost of at least 125 percent of the cost of production, accentuates this situation, as even in normal times pears have to be sold at a rather high price retail in order that all concerned can make a profit.
    As a rule a manufacturer maintains his own selling organization. He does not need to sell, if prices are too low. The orchardist does not make the price, has no control over it and as a rule has not the means to provide his own selling organization individually. He either has to sell at the price offered or let his produce go to waste.
    WHAT IS THE REMEDY?
    We always hear "canning," when pears of one kind or another cannot be sold.
    The established market for canned pears consists of Bartletts only, not because the other pears are not adapted for canning, but because no grower has ever made a serious attempt to can or market Boscs, Anjous, Comice or Winter Nelis. They are just as good or even better than canned Bartletts, but they look red. Canned baked Boscs are delicious. Neither a cannery nor a wholesale house, especially under present conditions, will go to the expense to introduce a new canned pear.
    IT IS UP TO THE GROWER TO TAKE THE INITIATIVE, AND THIS REMINDS ME OF AN ADVERTISING STUNT.
    The largest Swiss manufacturer of chocolate had worked out new machinery and a new process for making chocolate of an improved flavor at less cost, but unfortunately his former product, like all the rest of the chocolate on the market, was glossy brown. The new process changed the appearance, and the bars had a whitish appearance.
    As this manufacturer was also a very important stockholder in the firm I worked for at that time, and we had there quite a staff of chemists, he offered to us chemists a price of 50,000 francs if we could solve the difficulties he had encountered, and produce with the new machinery a glossy dark brown chocolate.
    Of course we got busy, but did not solve the problem and after six months of experimentation gave up. Then one of the clerks got the prize for suggesting the advertising of this chocolate and making a feature out of the white coating and soon was started an intensive advertising campaign announcing to the world that the finest chocolate of the world can be distinguished by its whitish appearance.
    A campaign for "red" canned pears would in my opinion decidedly assist the sale of other canned pears than Bartletts. But canning more pears at present would not help the pear-grower at all. Canned pears would meet the same conditions as fresh pears. THERE WOULD BE NO BUYERS or in any case the buyers of red pears would diminish the buyers for Bartletts and the grower would not be better off.
    Other good things can be produced from pears, especially delicious jams and marmalades in mixtures with other fruit juices, etc. But ask Mr. Gates. He will tell you there is no market for jams outside of berry jams and nobody outside of the grower himself will be able to change this situation.
    The export of jams is out of the question, as manufacturers of jams and marmalades can buy sugar cheaper than we can.
    Only an advertising campaign can change this, and without doubt a lot of pears can be consumed in such form.
    In addition the manufacture of jams would allow the profitable manufacture of PECTIN, now widely used under different trade names, such as Certo, etc.
    But here also we have to face existing "depression conditions."
    A German buyer said to me the other day, "I can use 100 cars of Anjous, if you will take German marks in payment. But you want dollars. I have no dollars and cannot get any, unless you also buy something from us. Formerly we shipped you toys, manufactured goods, machinery, etc., but you can buy these things cheaper now from Japan or manufacture these things just as good and cheaply as we do. If you will take a trainload of beer, I will take the equivalent value in pears." But our pear-growers have no facilities to sell the beer, and so this transaction did not mature.
    If the American producer is able to leave his money for the present abroad, he will benefit by the inflated dollar, otherwise he will soon find out that he loses in export about 50 percent. If he sold last year for $3.00 a box, he must get $4.50 in Europe to get the same value as last year.
    How quickly these changes develop  may be judged from the fact that already approximately one billion dollars of American money has been transferred to European banks, and the Italian government is making a profit of 100 percent through the inflation of the dollar. As the inflation here has not brought any increased prices for pears in the local market, the pear-grower faces without doubt very difficult conditions.
Medford Mail Tribune, November 19, 1933, page 10


    RESTRICTING MARKETING OF PEARS BY SEVERE CULLING IS, IN MY OPINION, A VERY DANGEROUS EXPEDIENT. If only 50 percent of the produced pears are actually marketed, the orchardist has double the cost and must receive double the price compared with former years or he is the loser.
    If he was satisfied previously to receive $2--gross New York--he must get this year at least $6 to come out financially the same as with a $2 per-box basis, taking into account the inflation of the dollar, of course, as well.
    And it is rather absurd first to spend public money, both federal and state, through college work and experimental farms, to teach orchardists to bring their orchards into a high state of production and then restrict marketing.
    Keeping the industry alive by government money without making enough money to make a profit in addition to pay back principal and interest will bring both orchard and government finances into ruin very rapidly.
    If therefore neither a satisfactory home or export market for fresh, canned or otherwise processed pears can be found we must look for another market, which avoids the necessity of expensive packing, transportation and other charges, and if the market can be found right here in Oregon so much the better.
    Pear brandy can be considered first, and excellent samples of this commodity were passed around lately.
    The economics of pear brandy are very simple. One ton of pears would produce 12.5 gallons of pure alcohol, which in turn would produce 25 gallons of finished brandy. Although the fresh brandy made here was very nice, a salable product should mature five years. As a source of ordinary alcohol, pears cannot compete with other raw materials, therefore a quality product is essential. In making brandy another byproduct should be made at the same time, and this is PECTIN. used by many housewives for the making of jams.
    One gallon of pear brandy per capita in Oregon would require 80 million lbs. of pears.
    Beer would be more promising, as dried and roasted pears make an excellent beer with addition of malt and hops.
    I have hope that for the jubilee there will be ready for free sampling 1000 gallons of bock made with Medford pears.
    Another, and in my opinion very promising, way to use pears would be the making of flour out of pears for the making of bread. A mixture of rye, wheat and pear flour makes a very good bread, of good taste, excellent keeping qualities and such bread could absorb all pears otherwise unsaleable.
    Flour equivalent to one-half pound of fresh pears per pound of finished bread can be used for this commodity with advantage. It can be seen that when every Oregonian eats one loaf of bread each day 500,000 lbs. of pears will be consumed in Oregon.
    It must be understood that such bread is in no way a "fruit" bread, like raisin, prune, etc., bread. It is just bread with a nice flavor of bread, and not one person in a thousand would be able to say that it contains pears.
    But such bread will contain all the valuable sugars contained in pears. Levulose, a sugar, which this paper has mentioned before, has very valuable properties. The bread would promote digestion, and persons eating such bread regularly would have no need for laxatives. But the manufacture of any one of the three suggestions needs financing.
    Is this possible?
Medford Mail Tribune, November 21, 1933, page 4

    The S.S. Atenas sailed down the Columbia River the evening of October 26, from Portland, Ore. with a shipload of pears. She carried nearly 84,000 boxes for the New York market. Approximately two-thirds of these pears were grown at Medford, and the balance came from Hood River.
    This was Medford's first experience in shipping pears intercoastal, although Hood River shipped one full boatload in 1932. The results of the Hood River shipment last year were fairly satisfactory and encouraged Medford to attempt the same thing this season.
    There are several reasons for our interest in water transportation of pears as against rail shipment. Two of the principal reasons are (1) reduction in transportation costs, and (2) the possibility of placing our pears on the market in better condition.
    It is difficult to arrive at the exact saving in cost of transportation by boat. There is a material saving if water-shipped fruit is competing with fruit shipped by rail under full refrigeration. There is proportionately less saving if the fruit travels by rail under initial ice with one re-icing. Some of our pears traveled to New York by rail this year without any ice at all. Under this last method of handling, the saving in cost of movement by ship over rail transportation amounted to very little.
    Length of storage affects cost of handling to New York. The flat rate per box charged by the ship included the three weeks storage en route. On the whole, actual saving in water shipment this season amounted to possibly but a few cents. However, there seems to be no question but that ocean rates can be materially reduced when the shipping companies can be assured of a steady flow of fruit intercoastal.
    Possibly the more important of the two main factors stated above is the matter of condition. This is especially true of Bosc. It is very well established that Bosc must be  conditioned before placing them on the market during the colder weather of November and December. The present market points it out very clearly. Temperatures vary considerably between different cars in rail transportation and, more particularly, between the top and bottom of the same car.
    Very often a car of Bosc shipped overland will show enough difference between top and bottom to make it extremely difficult to condition with any kind of uniformity. The weather between Medford and New York can change rapidly during the several days it takes a car to travel this distance.
    Unless the shipper has the powers of a crystal gazer he must depend largely upon luck to get these cars through to New York in the proper condition. Under certain weather conditions it may be advisable to ship the fruit by the northern route without any ice at all. It is possible for cars to go the southern route at times. By this method. however, initial ice is more often necessary, or even re-icing. A car may arrive in excellent condition when shipped by one of these methods, and another car shipped a day or two later in the same way might arrive too ripe or too green.
    When the weather is reasonably warm at New York, cars will ripen to some extent on the track. During the cooler weather it is next to impossible to ripen the fruit in the car on track. Demurrage costs money, and expense attached to unloading, ripening and reloading individual cars not connected with storage is often prohibitive. It is essential, therefore, that we develop a more dependable method of placing our Bosc on the market.
    This season it was thought that Bosc could be packed and shipped without ice by the new overnight service to Portland, for immediate storage. When the proper quantity was accumulated, a ship could be loaded for New York. Ships should maintain in their holds a more uniform temperature than in a car. The fruit was to be placed in storage at New York and brought out into the room for conditioning as the market demanded. It was felt that by so handling the fruit would be quite uniform.
    That this line of thought was quite correct has been well demonstrated this year. The fruit was handled as outlined and has gone over the auction in a very pleasing way. It is unfortunate that a small percent of the fruit was frosted on the boat, but this percentage is far less than is normally experienced in shipping fruit overland by rail during the months of November and December. It is estimated that the fruit frosted amounted to but 1½ or 2 percent of the shipment.
    Without a doubt this injury can be completely eliminated another season by having more adequate equipment to record temperatures en route. The temperatures en route were never extremely low and showed very little variation. Most of the chilled fruit thawed out with no apparent injury
    One very important point which certainly should not be overlooked is the fact that Medford shippers have gotten together for the first time and cooperated in a movement of this kind. Cooperation of this sort is essential to the welfare of the Bosc industry at Medford. The give-and-take and get-together spirit has been very fine this year. It is the one thing which can pull our Bosc pears out of the red into profit. Medford also appreciated the cooperation of Hood River in helping make the shipment of pears by boat possible.
    Mr. Henry Hartman observed the loading and unloading of this shipment of pears, and a complete report will be made later. This report will help iron out some of the difficulties experienced this season. These difficulties are all minor and can easily be corrected another year. The cold storage plants, steamship lines and railroads can certainly all be complimented for their interest and effort to bring this cargo through in such good condition.
    It takes about two and a half days to load the boat at Portland. The fruit was handled very carefully and well stowed. More air space was allowed this year between the top boxes and the ceiling. The S.S. Atenas was a sister ship of the one used by Hood River last year, but the arrangement for air delivery to the holds was greatly improved.
    It takes approximately three weeks to make the trip from Portland to New York. Two weeks of this time is consumed between Portland and the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal. Sea and air temperatures rise very rapidly soon after leaving Portland and for a period of two weeks are quite high. Cold storage facilities on the boat were ample to hold the fruit at the required temperature.
    The S. S. Atenas, carrying a perishable cargo, was allowed to pass through the canal at night. The ordinary passenger and freight ships are not allowed to do this. The ship arrived at New York November 13 and was unloaded immediately.
    The fruit showed no noticeable change in condition between Portland and New York and, aside from the portion directly next to the cold air inlets which was frosted, arrived in excellent condition. The stevedoring at New York was not all that could be desired, but this possibly can be remedied to some extent in the future. The pears were taken out of the hold in slings and placed on electric trucks which hauled them a very short distance to P.F.E. cars. These cars were switched to the cold storage plant. The fruit was placed in cold storage and held there until wanted for the conditioning room. The cold storage plant operated a conditioning room where the temperature was held at 65 degrees with high humidity. As soon as the pears had the proper color and ripeness they were loaded in freight cars for transportation across the river to New York for auction.
    We are certainly all well aware that the Bosc market has been poor this year, but it has been a lot better than last year. The NRA has apparently improved the buying power very little as yet.
    However, there seems to be more buyers and more activity on the auction now than at this time last year. It is necessary only to look at the prices which other fruits such as oranges, grapes, grapefruit, etc., are being sold for to appreciate that Bosc are not doing so badly and are more than holding their own. Bosc have consistently been outselling the Northwest Anjous this year in the months of November and December. This is certainly not a Christmas present to the fruit growers of Medford, for the buyers of our pears are not built that way. It is apparent that someone wants these pears, and they must be making a profit on them or they would not be willing to pay a premium for Medford Bosc over Northwest Bosc or Anjous.
    The future should hold a good market for good Bosc. The fault is our own if we do not have the interest and intelligence to take advantage of it. The conscientious work of Henry Hartman and the Bosc pear committee is bringing results. The future, in spite of the present market level, does not look black for Bosc. Well-ripened Bosc move freely in the fruit stands and people like them. I wish that all shippers and growers could have an opportunity to talk with some of the retailers and consumers of Bosc in New York.
    Harvesting the crop somewhat later than usual to allow more color, and still not late enough to bring on core rot, has made a lot of friends for the Bosc. Most of the distributors have cooperated in an effort to place the fruit on the market in the right condition. The cooperation has not been 100 percent, and there is some room for improvement. There is, naturally, a limited market for some green Bosc, as a few of the retailers are equipped to ripen their own fruit. Warmer temperatures in late September and October will take care of the rest of the retailers up to the cooler weather. During the cooler weather, it is of vital importance that the pears reach the consumer in such a condition that he can eat and enjoy them.
    We have made many friends this year and undoubtedly improved our position over the past season. The way Boscs were placed on the market in New York in 1932, both in regard to quantity and condition, was deplorable. It was noticeable as the cold season came on in New York that chain store buyers, for example, who are large purchasers of Bosc pears, were beginning to pass them up and buy Anjous. The reason was largely because most of the Bosc sold last year during this cold period were green
    Each sale of these poorly conditioned Bosc not only throttled any possible future sales for last year but has been reacting against us this year. We are merely paying this year for some of the sins of last. The fruit stands are always loaded with many varieties of excellent fruit. A pear customer lost to this competition is difficult to win back again.
    This year's experience has proved to us that it is possible to handle Bosc in such a manner as to place them on the market in the condition which we want them. Shipping overland by rail early in the season is fairly satisfactory. The temperatures on arrival are high enough to allow ripening by holding the cars on track until satisfactory. This is especially true in October and even early November, when a portion of the fruit is shipped the southern route, where it partially ripens on the way to market. After mid-season it is both economical and practical to ship Bosc by boat for storage and conditioning in New York.
Medford Mail Tribune, December 27, 1933, page 2


    From "way down east" to "the far west" (Maine to New York, New York to Illinois, Illinois to Oregon) came the Stewarts, all nurserymen, unto the fourth generation. True pioneer souls they were, with the courage and vision, patience and persistence which characterized those whom all Oregon is remembering today during her Diamond Jubilee. The courage to leave the familiar for the unknown, the vision to sense what the future could bring, the patience and persistence to work for it.
    "The Illinois State Agricultural Society award this diploma to Wm. Stewart and Sons, Hannibal Mo. for the best 25 varieties of fruit. October 4, 1856," reads a framed announcement hanging on the dining room wall of the Dillon Hill home on Kings Highway, where lives Wm. Stewart's granddaughter, Mrs. Hill. Opposite the diploma is a beautiful picture of a Rogue River Valley orchard in bloom, taken in 1914.
    Joseph H. Stewart, son of William, planted the first commercial orchard in this valley, the Eden Valley [orchard], now known as the Voorhies orchard and owned by Col. Gordon Voorhies, experienced and prominent grower. Mr. Stewart bought the tract of 160 acres in the spring of '85 when it was known as the old Ball place, and planted 100 acres in fruit. In '87, he bought what was known as the Justus place, now the George Marshall, and two years later planted about 76 acres in apples and pears.
    Spraying did not appear as necessary in those days, more moisture made less irrigating, and smudging had perhaps not been invented. Good corn could be and was raised without a drop of water, according to those who remember, and corn and watermelons were grown between trees in the orchards while they [i.e., the orchards] were growing. Blight was something of a problem, then as now, and the soil of the Eden Valley was a mixture of the sandy and "sticky."
    Mrs. Hill likes to recall that her father sent out the first carload of Ben Davis apples that ever left the valley. Their destination was Germany, she says. Bartletts, 'Anjous and Howells were the principal varieties, with the Bartlett considered the best commercial pear.
    The Dillon Hill home is a quaint and charming place, by the way. Marble-topped tables, capacious fireplaces, old-fashioned rocking chairs and a Steinway parlor grand piano, rosewood cased, combine to give an air of old-time repose and comfort. The house was built in 1905, a year before Joseph Stewart died. The lumber was hauled from a mill near Prospect by mule team. But all this does not concern orchards, nor growers.
    It was in 1901 that 160 additional acres of fruit land were purchased from Asa Fordyce. Fred Page of Portland bought much of Mr. Stewart's fruit, states Mrs. Hill. They also shipped to Sgobel and Day of New York, Ray and Hatfield of New York and Dennis and Sons of London, England. By this time, residents of the valley and others were ready to believe Mr. Stewart's evaluation when he predicted the Rogue River country would be the "ideal pear spot of the West." Mrs. Hill also likes to dwell somewhat on the visits to her father of both Mr. Sgobel and Day, whose names are still familiar to this section. For the possible encouragement of those who today may need it, there is Mr. Stewart's advice given so many years ago, "It may be slim in spots, but just grit your teeth and hang on."
    Mr. Stewart and his family took things as they came, from the time he took a crowbar and sounded the ground to find what he wanted until actual buying and selling took place. Sacks of flour were only 75 cents in those days, and a side of bacon cost about one dollar. "Father eventually sold enough fruit to make a good living," Mrs. Hill recalls, and "he was a good financier," she adds with pardonable pride.
    A story such as this must necessarily be written somewhat sketchily, for the writer is dependent upon memories for most of the information, and the present writer believes it is much better to give the readers of the Pear-O-Scope all she has been able to gather even if not presented in ordered sequence.
    For instance: The Eden Valley orchard boasted 50 varieties of pears and apples, the elder Stewart having brought his own nursery stock from Illinois. He came before there were any railroads. [This is incorrect.] His brothers came later and also bought fruit lands. The codling moth and the blight were early arrivals. Ninety acres were planted in melons. Although having been a commercial grower in New York and later in Illinois, Joseph Stewart encountered something "new and different" when he discovered "sticky."
    That he was considered in those early days to be "crazy" doesn't seem so unusual, for he had new ideas about fruit production and marketing. "A true conception of values in properties and varieties," states his daughter. Ninety-six cars of his own fruit were shipped in 1896.
    The price range was about the same as today, and the pack practically the same. Although it was thought the Newtown apple would last, the pear was even then considered the important product of the valley. The Clairgeau was once a moneymaker. The Nelis, the Bosc and Comice were first planted about 1890 by Will Stewart, a son, at what is now known as the Hillcrest orchards. Wagner Butte was planted by his brother, A. J. Stewart.
    Sons and sons-in-law planted and owned the Marshall orchard, the Hillcrest, the Hollywood, the Burch property and the Weeks tracts on the river. Also the piece now owned by Mrs. Jessie Minear close to Jacksonville.
    The Olwells were the next to join the growers in the Rogue Valley, then W. H. Norcross of Central Point and Mr. Whitman, grandfather of Olin Whitman. The Pellett orchard near Talent was one of the early tracts, also the Helms property near Ashland and the orchards of Chris Eismann and brothers at Grants Pass.
    If the Stewarts have a coat of arms, many of their friends think, it should bear an insignia of pears, for Joseph Stewart was surely a pear pioneer. He was a member of the first horticultural society in the United States, the American Pomological Society, which originated in 1848. Howard Hill, his grandson, has a most interesting copy of the proceedings of the eighth session of the society held at Philadelphia in 1860. Interesting and informative data taken from this book and other sources will follow in additional articles which will appear in the Pear-O-Scope from time to time, at the request of our readers.
Rogue River Valley Pear-O-Scope, May 1934, page 3




Last revised November 22, 2024